mTOR Inhibition Suppresses Salinomycin-Induced Ferroptosis in Breast Cancer Stem Cells by Ironing Out Mitochondrial Dysfunctions
Ferroptosis constitutes a promising therapeutic strategy against cancer by efficiently targeting the highly tumorigenic and treatment-resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). We previously showed that the lysosomal iron-targeting drug Salinomycin (Sal) was able to eliminate CSCs by triggering ferroptosis. Here, in a well-established breast CSCs model (human mammary epithelial HMLER CD24low/CD44high), we identified that pharmacological inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), suppresses Sal-induced ferroptosis. Mechanistically, mTOR inhibition modulates iron cellular flux and prevents the iron and ROS bursts induced by Sal. Besides, integration of multi-omics data identified mitochondria as a key target of Sal action. We demonstrated that mTOR inhibition prevents Sal-induced mitochondrial functional and structural alteration, and that Sal-induced metabolic plasticity is mainly dependent on the mTOR pathway. Overall, our findings provide experimental evidences on the detailed mechanisms of mTOR as a crucial effector of Sal-induced ferroptosis, and gives proof-of-concept that careful evaluation of such combination therapy (here mTOR and ferroptosis co-targeting) is required for effective treatment. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=120 SRC="FIGDIR/small/539040v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (28K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8b8772org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@695e0forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19e3f83org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5bc0a6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG