Chemical Probing of Diacylglycerol Dynamics at Lipid Droplets
Diacylglycerols (DAGs) are central intermediates in lipid metabolism and signaling, yet their trafficking and persistence within lipid droplets (LDs) remain incompletely understood due to the lack of chemically stable, DAG-mimetic imaging tools. Here, we report the development of a family of solvatochromic fluorescent lipid analogs, termed DONDI, designed to probe DAG-associated dynamics at LDs. These probes are based on a 1,8-naphthalimide scaffold conjugated to modified aminoglycerol backbones bearing oleoyl chains to mimic native glycerolipids. Biophysical characterization and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations revealed probe-specific membrane insertion and hydrogen-bonding behaviors consistent with distinct lipid-mimetic properties. Live-cell imaging in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated that DONDI probes were efficiently internalized and selectively accumulated within lipid droplets. Structure-function analysis identified DONDI-5 as the closest mimic of 1,2-diacylglycerol, displaying rapid uptake, strong LD enrichment, and prolonged intracellular retention without detectable relocalization to other cellular membranes. These properties enabled sustained visualization of LD-associated DAG pools over extended time scales. Collectively, this work establishes DONDI-5 as a chemically stable DAG-mimetic probe and provides direct experimental support that DAGs can be transported to and transiently stored within lipid droplets without prior conversion to triacylglycerols.