Habitat Suitability Modeling and Ecological Forecasting of Northern Goshawk Nesting Habitat
Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) are dynamic forest raptors often used as a management indicator species in forest management planning. Despite their use as indicators, there is a limited understanding of habitat requirements for goshawks, especially in dry forested landscapes as climate change occurs. We examined goshawk nesting habitat on the Helena-Lewis and Clark National Forest (HLCNF) in central Montana to further understand climate change on goshawk nesting habitat. The HLCNF receives low annual precipitation, making this forest useful to understand climate change in dry forest in structure and ecology. We measured characteristics of nest sites throughout the HLCNF and used principle component analysis to predict important variables for nest trees and nesting habitat for goshawks in this landscape. We also used remote sensing and GIS to create a composite map predicting areas of high, medium and low suitability for nesting habitat for goshawks in the HLCNF. We used the composite map to predict potential impacts of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), fire, and climate change to Northern Goshawk habitat in the HLCNF. The best indicators of a chosen nest tree were diameter at breast height, tree height, and tree status, which can be considered indicative of trees preferred for nesting by goshawks. The best indicators for nest forest were canopy closure, slope angle, and slope position, which indicate habitat areas of high suitability for goshawk nesting. Two forecast models where developed based on climate change predictions. After overlapping a projected mountain pine beetle risk map and fire frequency risk map onto the modeled of high suitability goshawk nesting habitat, we calculated that 52 % of modeled high suitability habitat may be at risk for mountain pine beetle blight and 66 % high suitability habitat at risk for frequent wildfires, which will reduce goshawk habitat quality.