The Intestine is a Major Contributor to Circulating TCA Cycle Intermediates in Mice
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is the epicenter of cellular aerobic metabolism. TCA cycle intermediates facilitate energy production and provide anabolic precursors, but also function as intra- and extracellular metabolic signals regulating pleiotropic biological processes. Despite the importance of circulating TCA cycle metabolites as signaling molecules, the source of circulating TCA cycle intermediates remains uncertain. We observe that in mice, the concentration of TCA cycle intermediates in the portal blood exceeds that in tail blood indicating that the gut is a major contributor to circulating TCA cycle metabolites. With a focus on succinate as a representative of TCA cycle intermediate with signaling activities and using a combination of germ-free mice and isotopomer tracing, we demonstrate that intestinal microbiota are not major contributors to circulating TCA cycle metabolites. Moreover, we demonstrate that the endogenous succinate production is markedly higher than intestinal succinate absorption in normal physiological conditions. Altogether, these results indicate that endogenous succinate production within the intestinal tissue is a major physiological source of circulating succinate. These results provide a foundation for investigation into the role of intestine in regulating circulating TCA cycle metabolites and related signaling effects in health and disease.