Mayer, K. H. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2023

Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Hair Identifies Daily Maraviroc Adherence in HPTN 069/ACTG A5305

Objective measures of adherence for antiretrovirals used as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are critical for improving preventative efficacy in both clinical trials and real-world application. Current objective adherence measures either reflect only recent behavior (eg days for plasma or urine) or cumulative behavior (eg months for dried blood spots). We measured the accumulation of the antiretroviral drug maraviroc (MVC) in hair strands by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to evaluate adherence behavior longitudinally at high temporal resolution. An MSI threshold for classifying daily adherence was established using clinical samples from healthy volunteers following directly observed dosing of 1 to 7 doses MVC/week. We then used the benchmarked MSI assay to classify adherence to MVC-based PrEP regimens in hair samples collected throughout the 49-week HPTN069/ACTGA5305 study. We found that only ~32% of investigated hair samples collected during the studys active dosing period showed consistent daily PrEP adherence throughout a retrospective period of 30 days, and also found that profiles of daily individual adherence from MSI hair analysis could identify when patients were and were not taking study drug. The assessment of adherence from MSI hair strand analysis was 62% lower than adherence classified using paired plasma samples, the latter of which may be influenced by white-coat adherence. These findings demonstrate the ability of MSI hair analysis to examine daily variability of adherence behavior over a longer-term measurement and offer the potential for longitudinal comparison with risk behavior to target patient-specific adherence interventions and improve outcomes.

pharmacology and toxicology↗

bioRxiv2019

Class of antiretroviral drugs and anemia risk in the current treatment era

OBJECTIVESAnemia is common among people living with HIV (PLWH) and has been associated with certain, often older, antiretroviral medications. Information on current antiretroviral therapy (ART) and anemia is limited. The objectives were to compare associations between anemia incidence or hemoglobin change with core ART classes in the current ART era.\n\nDESIGNRetrospective cohort study.\n\nSETTINGU.S.-based prospective clinical cohort of PLWH aged 18 and above receiving care at 8 sites between 1/2010-3/2018.\n\nPARTICIPANTS16,505 PLWH were included in this study.\n\nMAIN OUTCOME MEASURESAnemia risk and hemoglobin change were measured for person-time on a protease inhibitor (PI) or an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), relative to a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) reference. We also examined PLWH on multiple core classes. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted to measure associations between time-updated ART classes and incident anemia or severe anemia. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine relationships between ART classes and hemoglobin change.\n\nRESULTSDuring a median of 4.9 years of follow-up, 1,040 developed anemia and 488 developed severe anemia during. Compared to NNRTI use, INSTI-based regimens were associated with an increased risk of anemia (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94-1.47) and severe anemia (aHR1.55 95%CI 1.11-2.17), and a decrease in hemoglobin level. Time on multiple core classes was also associated with increased anemia risk (aHR 1.30, 95%CI 1.06-1.60) and severe anemia risk (aHR 1.35, 95%CI 0.99-1.85), while no associations were found for PI use.\n\nCONCLUSIONThese findings suggest INSTI use may increase the risk of anemia. If confirmed, screening for anemia development in users of INSTIs may be beneficial. Further research into underlying mechanisms is warranted.\n\nStrengths and limitations of this studyO_LIThis study utilized a large and geographically diverse population of PLWH in care across the U.S.\nC_LIO_LIThis study leveraged comprehensive clinical data, including information on diagnoses, medication use, laboratory test results, demographic information, and medical history.\nC_LIO_LIThis study investigated associations between specific types of ART core regimens and anemia risk.\nC_LIO_LIThis observational study is subject to residual confounding.\nC_LIO_LIThis study focused on anemia assessed from hemoglobin lab values taken at regular medical care visits without excluding participants with conditions strongly associated with hemoglobin level through non-traditional HIV mechanisms.\nC_LI

epidemiology↗