Non-destructive spatial mapping of vegetation plots: a re-introduction of the pantograph
O_LINon-destructive spatial mapping of herbaceous plants is often not possible with many modern imaging techniques, especially in systems with highly structured, dense herbaceous canopies. For this purpose we suggest using a modern version of the classic pantograph, a simple instrument that allows precisely scaled drawings. The pantograph version we describe here was specifically designed for small-scale herbaceous vegetation mapping. C_LIO_LISpecifically, our pantograph design is useful for rapidly collecting accurate, spatially explicit data at the scale of 0.1-2 m2 and includes a paired drawing board for easy use in field conditions. C_LIO_LIWe tested the design and technique on 100 annual plant plots that ranged in total density and in plant stature. Based on this mapping trial, we present guidelines for effective manual mapping and map digitization. C_LIO_LIA pantograph is a useful and inexpensive to make tool for non-destructively spatially mapping individual herbaceous plants in the field. Here, we present instructions for the design and fabrication of our modern pantograph, board, and pencil attachment designed specifically for researchers wanting to include small-scale spatial context in their research. C_LI