Mantilla, J. S. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2026

Multiple introductions, trade-associated connectivity, and mito-nuclear discordance reveal complex invasion dynamics of Aedes albopictus in Colombi

BackgroundAedes albopictus is among the worlds most invasive mosquito species and an important vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Its global spread has been strongly associated with human-mediated transport and international trade, particularly through commodities such as used tires and ornamental plants. However, integrative studies combining population genetics, microbial symbiosis, and trade connectivity remain limited in Latin America, constraining understanding of invasion dynamics and dispersal processes. MethodsAedes albopictus populations from five Colombian departments sampled between 2019 and 2023 were analyzed using eight microsatellite loci and a [~]1.3-kb mitochondrial COI fragment. Wolbachia infection and lineage composition (wAlbA/wAlbB) were evaluated by PCR, and arbovirus detection (DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV) was performed using multiplex RT-PCR. Nuclear and mitochondrial differentiation (FST, {Phi}ST), mito-nuclear discordance, and trade-related connectivity were evaluated in relation to geographic, national transport, and international trade variables derived from customs databases. ResultsMicrosatellite analyses revealed admixed but structured populations consistent with multiple introductions and contemporary gene flow. Colombian populations showed nuclear genetic affinities with Asian, European, and North American populations, supporting a complex invasion history involving multiple geographically distributed lineages. In contrast, mitochondrial COI data showed evidence of regional genetic structure and heterogeneous mito-nuclear discordance among several population pairs. Notably, nuclear and mitochondrial markers captured contrasting dimensions of the invasion process: nuclear differentiation was positively associated with international trade intensity, particularly shipment frequency and used tire importation, whereas mitochondrial differentiation retained stronger regional structure and showed no detectable association with trade-related variables. Wolbachia prevalence ranged from 34% to 100% across departments and showed exploratory patterns consistent with localized mitochondrial differentiation. Natural detection of DENV and CHIKV RNA in larvae provided evidence of local arbovirus circulation. ConclusionsIntegrating population genetics, trade connectivity, and Wolbachia screening supports a scenario in which the Colombian invasion of Ae. albopictus has been shaped by multiple introductions, contemporary human-mediated connectivity, and partially discordant mito-nuclear histories. These findings highlight how different genomic compartments retain complementary signatures of invasion dynamics, with contemporary trade-associated connectivity primarily reflected in nuclear structure and regional lineage persistence retained in mitochondrial variation. Author SummaryThe Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is one of the worlds most invasive mosquito vectors and continues to expand across Latin America through human transportation and trade networks. However, the processes shaping its spread in the region remain poorly understood. We combined population genetics, international trade data, Wolbachia screening, and arbovirus surveillance to investigate the invasion dynamics of Ae. albopictus in Colombia. Our results revealed evidence of multiple introductions and ongoing genetic admixture, with international trade connectivity emerging as an important predictor of contemporary nuclear genetic structure. In contrast, mitochondrial DNA retained stronger regional patterns, generating heterogeneous mito-nuclear discordance among populations. These findings suggest that different genomic compartments retain distinct signatures of the invasion process, with trade-associated connectivity reflected primarily in nuclear variation and stronger regional structure preserved in mitochondrial lineages. More broadly, our study highlights the complex invasion dynamics of Ae. albopictus in Latin America illustrates how integrating genetics and human connectivity data can improve understanding of invasive vector spread.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2024

Environmental and anthropic factors influencing Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), with emphasis on natural infection and dissemination: Implications for an emerging vector in Colombia.

BackgroundViruses such as dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) pose major threats to human health, causing endemic, emerging, and reemerging diseases. These arboviruses have complex life cycles involving Aedes mosquitoes, driven by environmental, ecological, socioeconomic, and cultural factors. In Colombia, Aedes aegypti is the primary vector, but Aedes albopictus is expanding across the country. Understanding the unique characteristics of each species is crucial for managing arbovirus spread, particularly in areas where they coexist. Methodology/Principal FindingsWe conducted an entomological survey of A. aegypti and A. albopictus (larvae, pupae, and adults) in urban and rural areas of four municipalities across different elevations (200-2200 meters above sea level) in Colombia. Household conditions and knowledge of DENV were assessed through interviews. Female A. albopictus were tested individually for arbovirus RNA, while A. aegypti were tested in pools. Both species were found up to 2100 masl. A. aegypti comprised 78% of the immature forms collected, while A. albopictus made up 22%. Larvae from both species coexisted in common artificial breeding sites in urban and rural areas, with no evidence of competition. A. albopictus preferred rural areas, lower elevations (<1500 masl), high precipitation (>270 mm), and poor household conditions, while A. aegypti was more abundant in urban areas, intradomicile environments, and areas with moderate precipitation (100-400 mm). Biting risk was higher for A. aegypti (0.02-0.22 females per person), particularly in urban areas, while A. albopictus exhibited lower biting risk (0.001-0.08), with the highest values in rural Patia. Natural infections of DENV (12.4%) and CHIKV (12.4%) were found in A. aegypti, while A. albopictus showed CHIKV (41.2%) and DENV (23%) infections, with virus dissemination to the legs and salivary glands. Conclusions/SignificanceIntegrating household conditions and community knowledge with environmental data can enhance predictive models for vector presence and guide surveillance and educational strategies. Our findings highlight the need to consider A. albopictus as a potentially significant arbovirus vector in Colombia, especially given the presence of arboviruses in its salivary glands, its use of artificial breeding sites, its biting risk inside homes, and its differing ecological preferences and seasonal associations compared to A. aegypti. AUTHOR SUMMARYIn this study, we investigated the ecological and epidemiological dynamics of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and their natural infection with DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV in Colombia. An entomological survey conducted across four municipalities revealed distinct environmental and human-related factors influencing the distribution and abundance of these species. A. aegypti was more abundant in urban environments, favoring areas with lowest precipitation and a range of household conditions, while A. albopictus was more common in rural areas with higher precipitation and poorer household conditions. Both species were naturally infected with DENV and CHIKV, with A. albopictus showing the ability to disseminate, as indicated by their presence in the legs and salivary glands. Our findings underscore the importance of understanding species-specific ecological characteristics and incorporating community knowledge into predictive models to improve vector surveillance and control strategies, particularly in regions where both species coexist and contribute to arbovirus transmission.

ecology↗