Clonal dynamics in early human embryogenesis inferred from somatic mutation
The trillions of cells that constitute the human body are developed from a fertilized egg through embryogenesis. However, cellular dynamics and developmental outcomes of embryonic cells in humans remain to be largely unknown due to the technical and ethical challenges. Here, we explored whole-genomes of 334 single-cell expanded clones and targeted deep-sequences of 379 bulk tissues obtained from various anatomical locations from seven individuals. Using the discovered 1,688,652 somatic mutations as an intrinsic barcode, we reconstructed cellular phylogenetic trees that provide novel insights into early human embryogenesis. Our findings suggest (1) endogenous mutational rate that is higher in the first cell division of life but decreases to ~1 per cell per cell division later in life, (2) universal unequal contribution of early cells into embryo proper resulting from early cellular bottlenecks that stochastically separate epiblasts from embryonic cells (3) uneven differential outcomes of early cells into three germ layers, left-right and cranio-caudal tissues, (4) emergence of a few ancestral cells that will contribute to the substantial fraction of adult blood cells, and (5) presence of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in the fertilized egg. Our approach additionally provides insights into the age-related mutational processes including UV-mediated mutagenesis and loss of chromosome X or Y in normal somatic cells. Taken together, this study scrutinized somatic mosaicism, clonal architecture, and cellular dynamics in human embryogenesis at an unprecedented level and provides a foundation for future studies to complete cellular phylogenies in human embryogenesis.