Biology subjects

Maity, A.

Publications and source records attributed to Maity, A..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Vibrio cholerae VgrG1-ACD Targets E. coli MreB and Regulates Cellular Morphology

Vibrio cholerae employs the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) to outcompete neighboring bacteria and establish successful colonization within the polymicrobial gut. The T6SS effector VgrG1 contains a C-terminal Actin Crosslinking Domain (VgrG1-ACD), well known for irreversibly crosslinking eukaryotic actin to disrupt the host cytoskeleton. However, whether VgrG1-ACD also contributes directly to interbacterial competition has remained unexplored. Here, we identify a previously unrecognized bacterial target of VgrG1-ACD: MreB, the bacterial actin homolog essential for cell shape, cell wall synthesis, and cytoskeletal organization. We demonstrate that VgrG1-ACD specifically binds Escherichia coli MreB, resulting in pronounced morphological defects and impaired bacterial growth. Notably, unlike its activity toward mammalian actin, VgrG1-ACD targets MreB without crosslinking it, revealing a distinct mode of action. These findings expand the functional repertoire of VgrG1-ACD beyond host-directed virulence and uncover a dual-targeting strategy through which a single T6SS effector manipulates both mammalian actin and its bacterial homolog, likely enhancing V. cholerae fitness during interbacterial competition and host colonization.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2026

Competitive Inhibition of the Nipah Virus Matrix Protein by Conivaptan: From Binding Pocket Dynamics to Protein-Membrane Interactions

The recurrent outbreaks of Nipah virus since its first emergence have intensified efforts to identify effective antiviral therapeutics. The matrix protein is a key structural protein that maintains virion architecture and plays a crucial role in anchoring the virus to the host plasma membrane. Binding of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to the matrix protein promotes conformational changes that facilitate membrane association and initiate viral assembly. Therefore, an effective small-molecule inhibitor should not only compete with PIP2 for binding to the Nipah virus matrix protein (NiVM) but also disrupt its interaction with the host membrane. Using virtual screening of FDA-approved drugs combined with ensemble docking, we identified Conivaptan as a potential inhibitor of the Nipah virus matrix protein. The multivalent interactions of Conivaptan establish stable binding within the PIP2-binding pocket while simultaneously rewiring protein-membrane interactions. In the presence of PIP2, NiVM anchors to the membrane through multiple charged residues, resulting in pronounced local bilayer deformation, an early signature of membrane remodeling. In contrast, Conivaptan binding weakens membrane anchoring and preserves a more ordered and compact bilayer, thereby suppressing membrane deformation. Together, these findings identify Conivaptan as a promising repurposable inhibitor of the Nipah virus matrix protein and provide a mechanistic framework for targeting virus-membrane interactions during viral assembly.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2026

Deciphering the role of intrinsically disordered regions of FUS in recognizing U1 snRNA

Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) is an RNA-binding protein associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Along with its structured RNA recognition motif, FUS contains two intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that play important roles in RNA recognition. However, structural mechanism and dynamics of these IDRs in recognizing RNA remain elusive. We have used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structure and dynamics of the two IDRs, flanking the RRM domain of human FUS, in both Apo and U1 snRNA-bound states. Comparison of structural parameters and molecular interactions reveals that RNA binding stabilizes the IDRs and reduces their conformational flexibility through reorganization of intra-protein contacts and correlated movements. RNA binding also causes rearrangement of backbone dihedral angles of the IDRs and limits the formation of secondary structures such as -helices and 310 helices. Interestingly, the two IDRs exhibit distinct modes of RNA recognition. The N-terminal IDR interacts mainly with the nucleotides located near the terminal regions of the stem-loop snRNA. On the other hand, the C-terminal IDR preferentially associates with the central double-stranded region through extensive interactions with the minor groove of the snRNA. Even within IDRs, we identify specific residues that associate with the snRNA more frequently than others by forming persistent hydrogen bonds. Overall, our findings suggest that the flanking disordered regions of FUS are not merely flexible linkers, but actively participate in RNA recognition through distinct interaction mechanisms. These results provide molecular-level insights into the functional roles of IDRs in recognizing stem-loop RNA.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2026

A multitask single-cell analysis framework with knowledge graph as a prior

Single-cell RNA sequencing has reshaped cancer biology by revealing the cellular and molecular diversity of the tumor microenvironment, yet most analysis pipelines still treat clustering, annotation, pathway scoring, metabolic inference, and cell-cell communication as separate tasks. Here, we present scKNIFE (Knowledge graph-based NMF for Inference of Functional Entities), a unified graph-regularized non-negative matrix factorization framework that jointly reconstructs single-cell expression profiles and infers activities of diverse biological entities, including pathways, cell-type markers, metabolic reactions and tasks, ligand-receptor interactions, and cell-state programs. By embedding a heterogeneous knowledge graph directly into the factorization objective, scKNIFE propagates information between biologically related entities through Laplacian regularization while sparsity constraints preserve interpretability. The integrated prior graph spans 47,274 nodes and 506,620 edges, assembled from complementary resources including Gene Ontology, Reactome, Hallmark gene sets, Human-GEM, CellChat, PanglaoDB, Cytopus, and Tabula Muris-derived annotations. Across multiple cancer-focused single-cell datasets, scKNIFE yields competitive to leading performance for clustering and cell-type annotation, while also recovering biologically coherent metabolic programs that agree with dedicated metabolism-focused methods and capture therapy-response-associated states. In addition, the framework supports downstream inference of cell-type-specific biological activities from a single latent representation. Together, these results establish scKNIFE as a modular and extensible framework for end-to-end biological interpretation of single-cell cancer transcriptomics

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Decoding Mutually Induced Conformational Changes in Non-Canonical Recognition of U1 SL4 snRNA by ULD of SF3A1 during Early Spliceosome Assembly

A crucial step in early spliceosome assembly is the interaction between splicing factor 3A1 (SF3A1) of U2 snRNP and stem-loop 4 (SL4) of U1 snRNA. This interaction facilitates the spatial alignment of the 5' and the 3' splice sites, leading to the formation of the pre-spliceosomal A complex. In this study, we investigate the structural and dynamic basis of non-canonical recognition between ubiquitin-like domain (ULD) of SF3A1 and SL4 of U1 snRNA. Extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations reveal a dual recognition mechanism involving sequence-specific interactions mediated by the C-terminal RGGR motif and structural recognition governed by the UUCG tetraloop of SL4 snRNA. The RGGR motif primarily engages the duplex region of the snRNA, whereas the stem-loop nucleotides interact with the globular region of the ULD. Mutations of key residues R788 and R791 result in a significant loss of protein-RNA interactions, as reflected in the reduced binding affinities and altered conformational stability. Nucleotides C6 to C9 in the duplex region, stabilized by strong base-pairing and backbone-mediated interactions with SF3A1, exhibit constrained torsional distributions and minimal sensitivity to mutation. In contrast, nucleotides G10 to C15 in the tetraloop exhibit broader torsional distributions with moderate occupancy, consistent with weaker base-pairing but stronger protein-RNA interactions. Mutations significantly alter torsional distribution, enabling the nucleotides to adopt alternate conformations that preserve interactions with the globular domain of SF3A1. These findings provide a mechanistic insight into non-canonical RNA recognition and highlight the role of coupled sequence and structural determinants in stabilizing early spliceosomal assembly.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2026

High Resolution Solvated Models Reveal Mechanisms of Allosteric Activation of mTORC1 by RHEB

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a [~]1.2 MDa dimeric assembly comprising mTOR, mLST8, and RAPTOR that integrates nutrient, energy, and stress signals to regulate cell growth. While Cryo-EM structures have provided insights into allosteric activation of the complex by the small GTPase RHEB, their limited resolution has constrained a full mechanistic understanding. Here, we combine deep learning-based AlphaFold-3 models with Molecular Dynamics Flexible Fitting and simulations to generate refined, atomistic solvated models of mTORC1{+/-}ATP{+/-}RHEB. Simulations reveal a global remodelling of the complex by RHEB, which strengthens mTOR-RAPTOR interactions while weakening mTOR-mLST8 contacts. These drive the reorganization of Kinase N- and C-lobes into a catalytically competent state in which ATP binding is stabilized enthalpically with improved Mg{superscript 2} coordination. Our studies present structural, energetic and dynamic changes induced by RHEB binding which collectively cause allosteric preorganization of mTORC1 for catalysis prior to substrate binding.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2025

FOLR1-targeted Actinium-225-based Alpha-particle Therapy Eliminates Ovarian Cancer

Despite the advancement in therapies, ovarian cancer treatment is challenging due to poor prognosis and high relapse associated with acquired resistance. Targeting overexpression of FOLR1 in ovarian cancers has proven to be an attractive strategy. The recent FDA approval of FOLR1 targeted antibody drug conjugate has shown promising results albeit resistance with repeated use appears inevitable. Emerging targeted alpha-particle therapies, particularly Actinium-225 (225Ac), for treating refractory cancers have opened avenues for improved therapeutic options. The success of alpha-particle therapy relies on tumor specific delivery of the alpha emitters. Herein we describe the first example of FOLR1-targeted 225Ac alpha-particle therapy for treatment of ovarian cancer. Longitudinal PET imaging demonstrated high tumor-specific uptake of FOLR1 in SKOV3 xenografts. FOLR1-targeted 225Ac demonstrated high therapeutic efficacy achieving marked tumor regression, 80% survival and 40% complete response. The therapy resulted in tumor specific double stranded DNA damage, and no obvious toxicity was observed in normal tissues. Estimated human dosimetry showed high absorbed dose for tumor and minimal absorbed dose for healthy tissues establishing its safety. In totality, FOLR1-targeted 225Ac alpha-particle therapy is an efficacious and safe treatment with high feasibility for clinical translation to fight against ovarian cancer.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2025

Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking of New Acid-Functionalized Carbazole Derivatives as Potential Antibiotic Agents

The emergence of antibiotic resistance necessitates the discovery of new scaffolds with improved efficacy and drug-like properties. In this work, a new series of acid-functionalized carbazole derivatives was designed, synthesized, and comprehensively evaluated for their antibacterial potential. The incorporation of acidic functionalities into the carbazole framework enhanced physicochemical properties and biological interactions, yielding distinct strain-specific antibacterial activities. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) studies demonstrated that 3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-4,9-dihydro-1H-carbazole-6-carboxylic acid (2) exhibited broad-spectrum potency, particularly against S. aureus and E. coli, while 6-methyl-9H-carbazole-3-carboxylic acid (3) showed selectivity against B. cereus and (E)-3-methyl-1-(2-tosylhydrazono)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-6-carboxylic acid (1) displayed strong activity toward S. typhimurium. Molecular docking studies revealed favourable binding affinities of all derivatives toward bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), with compound 1 showing the highest docking scores. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirmed the broad conformational adaptability of compound 1, the target-specific stability of compound 3, and protein-dependent binding behaviour of compound 2. Complementary ADMET predictions indicated that all compounds adhered to Lipinskis rules, with compound 3 displaying the most favourable pharmacokinetic profile, including high oral bioavailability and low toxicity risk. Together, these experimental and computational findings establish acid-functionalized carbazole scaffolds as promising antibacterial candidates.

pharmacology and toxicology↗

bioRxiv2024

Mechanistic Insights into FNBP4-Mediated Regulation of non-diaphanous Formin FMN1 in Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics

Formin1 (FMN1), a member of the non-diaphanous formin family, is essential for development and neuronal function. Unlike diaphanous-related formins, FMN1 is not subject to canonical autoinhibition through the DID and DAD domains, nor is it activated by Rho GTPase binding. Recent studies suggest that formins also play roles in the nucleus, influencing DNA damage response and transcriptional regulation. However, the mechanisms regulating nuclear formins particularly non-diaphanous ones like FMN1 remain poorly understood. Our previous research identified the interaction between FMN1 and FNBP4, prompting further investigation into its functional role in regulating actin dynamics. Results reveal that FNBP4 inhibits FMN1-mediated actin assembly in vitro. It is shown that FNBP4 prevents FMN1 from displacing the capping protein CapZ at the growing barbed end of actin filaments. Additionally, FNBP4 inhibits FMN1s bundling activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Further analysis indicates that FNBP4 interacts with the FH1 domain and the interdomain connector between the FH1 and FH2 domains, creating spatial constraints on the FH2 domain. We propose that FNBP4 acts as a stationary inhibitor of FMN1. In addition, we identify a monopartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) in FNBP4, and subcellular localization studies show that FNBP4 colocalizes with FMN1. This study provides new insights into the regulatory role of FNBP4 in modulating FMN1-mediated actin dynamics, suggesting that FNBP4 may function as a nuclear inhibitor of actin polymerization and shedding light on regulatory mechanisms specific to non-diaphanous formins.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Exploring the effect of Hydrocarbon Cross-linkers on the Structure and Binding of Stapled p53 Peptides

Short-length peptides are used as therapeutics due to their high target specificity and low toxicity, for example, peptides designed for targeting the interaction between oncogenic protein p53 and E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. These peptide therapeutics form a class of successful inhibitors. To design such peptide-based inhibitors, stapling is one of the methods in which amino acid side chains are stitched together to get conformationally rigid peptides, ensuring effective binding to their partners. In the current work, we use computer simulations to investigate p53 peptides stapled with hydrocarbon chains of different lengths and positions of attachment to the peptide. We subsequently analyze their binding efficiency with MDM2. The introduction of stapling agents restricts the conformational dynamics of peptides, resulting in higher persistence of helicity. The efficiency of the stapling agents has also been verified imposing these stapled peptides to adverse conditions viz. thermal and chemical denaturation. In addition, the conformational exploration of peptides has been investigated using Temperature replica exchange molecular dynamics (T-REMD) simulations. From both the unbiased and T-REMD simulations, p53 with a long hydrocarbon cross-linker shows a more conformationally rigid structure having high helicity compared to other stapled peptides. The rigidity gained due to cross-linking reduces the entropy of the peptide in the free state and thereby facilitates the complexation process. From the binding studies, we have shown that the peptide having multiple short staples has shown a larger enthalpy change during binding free energy, resulting from its orientation and interactions of residues in the binding interface. On the other hand, a peptide with a single long stapling agent shows less entropic penalty than other systems. Our studies suggest a plausible rationale for the relation between the length and the position of attachment of cross-linkers to peptides and the binding free energies between the peptides and their target partners.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2024

Decoding mEos4b Day-Long Maturation and Engineering Fast Maturing Variants

The maturation speed of fluorescent proteins is a crucial parameter that influences cellular brightness, effective labeling efficiency and temporal resolution in fluorescence microscopy. Green-to-red photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (PCFPs) used in pulse-chase experiments and super-resolution techniques such as Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM), single-particle-tracking PALM (sptPALM) and Minimal Fluorescence Photon Fluxes Microscopy (MINFLUX) may be hampered by slow maturation. We systematically characterized the maturation speed of mEos-derived PCFPs in E. coli and found that, in contrast to pcStar and mEosEM, several variants such as mEos2, mEos3.1, mEos3.2 and mEos4b mature extremely slowly. Strikingly, the oxidation step in those PCFPs is fast and not rate-limiting. Through a rational mutagenesis approach, we developed a strategy to reduce the day-long maturation time of mEos4b by nearly two orders of magnitude without significantly impacting its molecular brightness and photophysical performance under single-molecule imaging conditions.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2024

Imaging-Guided Metabolic Radiosensitization of Pediatric Rhabdoid Tumors

Tumor hypoxia leads to radioresistance and markedly worse clinical outcomes for pediatric malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT). Our transcriptomics and bioenergetic profiling data reveal that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is a metabolic vulnerability of MRT and can be exploited to overcome consumptive hypoxia by repurposing an FDA-approved anti-malarial drug, Atovaquone (AVO). We then establish the utility of Oxygen-Enhanced-Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (OE-MSOT), a label-free, ionizing radiation-free imaging modality, to visualize and quantify spatiotemporal changes in tumor hypoxia in response to AVO. We show a potent but transient increase in tumor oxygenation upon AVO treatment which results in complete elimination of tumors in all tested mice when combined with 10 Gy radiotherapy, a dose several times lower than the current clinic standard. Finally, we use translational mathematical modeling for systematic evaluation of dosing regimens, administration timing, and therapeutic synergy in a virtual clinical patient population. Together, our work establishes a framework for safe and pediatric patient-friendly image-guided metabolic radiosensitization of rhabdoid tumors.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2024

FLASH proton reirradiation, with or without hypofractionation, mitigates chronic toxicity in the normal murine intestine, skin, and bone.

Background and purposeThe normal tissue sparing afforded by FLASH radiotherapy (RT) is being intensely investigated for potential clinical translation. Here, we studied the effects of FLASH proton RT (F-PRT) in the reirradiation setting, with or without hypofractionation. Chronic toxicities in three murine models of normal tissue toxicity including the intestine, skin, and bone were investigated. Materials and methodsIn studies of the intestine, single-dose irradiation was performed with 12 Gy of Standard proton RT (S-PRT), followed by a second dose of 12 Gy of F-PRT or S-PRT. Additionally, a hypofractionation scheme was applied in the reirradiation setting (3 x 6.4 Gy of F-PRT or S-PRT, given every 48 hrs). In studies of skin/bone of the murine leg, 15 Gy of S-PRT was followed by hypofractionated reirradiation with F-PRT or S-PRT (3 x 11 Gy). ResultsCompared to reirradiation with S-PRT, F-PRT reduced intestinal fibrosis and collagen deposition in the reirradiation setting and significantly increased survival rate, demonstrating its protective effects on intestinal tissues. In previously irradiated leg tissues, reirradiation with hypofractionated F-PRT created transient dermatitis that fully resolved in contrast to reirradiation with hypofractionated S-PRT. Lymphedema was also alleviated after a second course of radiation with F-PRT, along with significant reductions in the accumulation of fibrous connective tissue in the skin compared to mice reirradiated with S-PRT. The delivery of a second course of fractionated S-PRT induced tibial fractures in 83.3% of the mice, whereas only 20% of mice reirradiated with F-PRT presented with fractures. ConclusionThese studies provide the first evidence of the sparing effects of F-PRT, in the setting of hypofractionated reirradiation. The results support FLASH as highly relevant to the reirradiation regimen where it exhibits significant potential to minimize chronic complications for patients undergoing RT.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Cell-attribute aware community detection improves differential abundance testing from single-cell RNA-Seq data

Variations of cell-type proportions within tissues could be informative of biological aging and disease risk. Single-cell RNA-sequencing offers the opportunity to detect such differential abundance (DA) patterns, yet this task can be statistically challenging due to the noise in single-cell data, inter-sample variability and because DA patterns are often of small effect size. Here we present a DA-testing paradigm called ELVAR that uses cell attribute aware clustering when inferring differentially enriched communities within the single-cell manifold. Using simulated and real single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-Seq datasets, we benchmark ELVAR against an analogous DA algorithm that uses Louvain for clustering, as well as local neighborhood-based DA-testing methods, demonstrating that ELVAR improves the sensitivity to detect DA-shifts in relation to aging, precancerous states and Covid-19 phenotypes. In effect, leveraging cell attribute information when inferring cell communities can denoise single-cell data, avoid the need for batch correction and help retrieve more robust cell states for subsequent DA-testing. ELVAR is available as an open-source R-package.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2022

Myoscaffolds reveal laminin scarring is detrimental for stem cell function while sarcospan induces compensatory fibrosis

We developed an on-slide decellularization approach to generate acellular extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds that can be repopulated with various cell types to interrogate cell-ECM interactions. Using this platform, we investigated whether fibrotic ECM scarring affected human skeletal muscle progenitor cell (SMPC) functions that are essential for myoregeneration. SMPCs exhibited robust adhesion, motility, and differentiation on healthy muscle-derived myoscaffolds. All SPMC interactions with fibrotic myoscaffolds from dystrophic muscle were severely blunted including reduced motility rate and migration. Furthermore, SMPCs were unable to remodel laminin dense fibrotic scars within diseased myoscaffolds. Proteomics and structural analysis revealed that excessive collagen deposition alone is not pathological, and can be compensatory, as revealed by overexpression of sarcospan and its associated ECM receptors in dystrophic muscle. Our in vivo data also supported that ECM remodeling is important for SMPC engraftment and that fibrotic scars may represent one barrier to efficient cell therapy.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Insights into the microevolution of SARS-ACE2 Interactions: In-silico analysis of glycosylation and SNP pattern

The prefatory protein-glycan interaction and stabilizing protein-protein interaction of severe acute respiratory syndrome viruses with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 play a significant role in complex formation thereby promoting endocytosis. The microevolution of SARS-CoV-2 over a period of time has a significant role in increasing the affinity of receptor-binding domain against angiotensin converting-enzyme 2. In the current study, we have corroborated the vitality of acquired SNPs over a period of time with increased affinity by using docking studies. The results indicate that the virus modulates the undesirable glycosylation sites by a series of substitution and deletion mutations. It uses bulky residues such as Tyr/Phe for dynamic arrest for quick stabilization of the complex, and Lys residues for stabilizing via hydrogen bond formation besides increasing the binding affinity to ease the cell entry.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Effect of Stapling on the Thermodynamics of Protein-Peptide Binding

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) is one of the key regulatory features to drive biomolecular processes and hence is targeted for designing therapeutics against diseases. Small peptides are a new and emerging class of therapeutics owing to their high specificity and low toxicity. For achieving efficient targeting of the PPI, amino acid side chains are often stapled together resulting in the rigidification of these peptides. Exploring the scope of these peptides demands a comprehensive understanding of their working principle. In this work, two stapled p53 peptides have been considered to delineate their binding mechanism with mdm2 using computational approaches. Addition of stapling protects the secondary structure of the peptides even in the case of thermal and chemical denaturation. Although the introduction of a stapling agent increases the hydrophobicity of the peptide, the enthalpic stabilization decreases. This is overcome by the lowering of the entropic penalty and the overall binding affinity improves. The mechanistic insights into the benefit of peptide stapling can be adopted for further improvement of peptide therapeutics.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2020

Evaluation of Seed or Grain Storage Technologies from Indian Farming Societies Using A Hybrid and Multi-Attribute Approach

Soon after the introduction of green revolution, a parallel increment in percent food grain production and losses has been reported in India, which impedes the mission of achieving food security in India. In parts, among the major causes of these losses are the reluctance among farmers, especially of small holding, towards adoption of scientific storage methods/technologies and inability of the national agencies to meet the challenges imposed by the supply of surplus grains to them by the farmers. Although sets of traditional and improved grain storage technologies exist among Indian farming communities, a controversial account about their effectiveness and performance is available in the literature which negatively impacts the endeavour of bringing rapid developmental in the farming society. In a developing nation like India, a large section of farmers is often either unaware of the modern technologies or cannot logistically access them. They often rely on the traditional or semi-modern technologies without having a comprehensive account of the benefit and economic feasibility of the modern technologies. This impedes the vision of rapid development of the farmers and the process of infusing emerging technologies in the society. In order to develop an informative argument about the performance of the existing technologies, a nearly comprehensive study has been undertaken to compare the different traditional and improved grain storage structures used by Indian farmers. Both qualitative and quantitative parameters were compared individually and simultaneously to achieve their effect on performance individually and in unison. Another objective of the study was to test the applicability of hybrid and multi-attribute approach, based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for the performance evaluation and ranking of the attributes and structures. Finally, based on analysis and ideas borrowed out of literature a set of theoretical and conceptual guidelines to assist improvement in these structures was brought in. The study will help understand the status of grain storage technologies in the developing, resource-poor society and also increase the adoption and access of farmers to better post-harvest seed storage technologies.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text

plant biology↗