Empagliflozin preserves cardiac function and modulates metabolism in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal genetic disorder characterized by skeletal muscle degeneration and cardiomyopathy without a cure. This study examined the therapeutic potential of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin (EMPA) on cardiac function in the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse model of DMD. Male mice were fed control chow or EMPA-containing chow ([~]25 mg/kg/day), and cardiac function was evaluated longitudinally by four-dimensional ultrasound imaging. EMPA did not alter left ventricular mass or chamber volume but preserved ejection fraction (EF) for 12 weeks, maintained significantly higher EF through 24 weeks, and attenuated global impairment of systolic and diastolic myocardial deformation. These functional improvements were accompanied by reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and decreased expression of cardiac stress genes. EMPA reduced mitochondrial DNA damage, increased mitochondrial DNA copy number, and induced transcriptional signatures consistent with enhanced fatty acid and ketone metabolism, contributing to increased myocardial ATP content. Systemically, EMPA improved body mass trajectory, preserved relative lean mass, enhanced skeletal muscle torque, and did not adversely affect renal function. Together, these findings demonstrate that EMPA improves cardiac performance and mitochondrial integrity while enhancing myocardial energy availability in mdx mice, supporting SGLT2 inhibitors as a promising therapeutic strategy for individuals with DMD.