Heat Shock Protein 27 versus Estrogen Therapy for Post-Menopausal Atherosclerosis: Rethinking Mechanisms of Cholesterol Lowering
Aims The estrogen-inducible protein Heat Shock Protein 27 (HSP27) as well as anti-HSP27 antibodies are elevated in healthy subjects compared to cardiovascular disease patients. Vaccination of ApoE-/- mice with recombinant HSP25 (rHSP25, the murine ortholog), boosts anti-HSP25 levels and attenuates atherogenesis. As estrogens promote HSP27 synthesis, cellular release and blood levels, we hypothesize that menopause will result in loss of HSP27 atheroprotection. Hence, we now compare the efficacy of rHSP25 vaccination vs. estradiol (E2) therapy for the prevention of post-menopausal atherogenesis.Methods and Results ApoE-/- mice subjected to ovariectomy (OVX) showed a 65% increase atherosclerotic burden compared to sham mice after 5 weeks of a high fat diet. Relative to vaccination with rC1, a truncated HSP27 control peptide, atherogenesis was reduced by 5-weekly rHSP25 vaccinations (−43%), a subcutaneous E2 slow release pellet (−52%) or a combination thereof (−82%). Plasma cholesterol levels declined in parallel with the reductions in atherogenesis, but relative to rC1/OVX mice plasma PCSK9 levels were 52% higher in E2/OVX and 41% lower in rHSP25/OVX mice (p<0.0001 for both). Hepatic LDLR mRNA levels did not change with E2 treatment but increased markedly with rHSP25 vaccination. Conversely, hepatic PCSK9 mRNA increased 148% with E2 treatment vs. rC1/OVX but did not change with rHSP25 vaccination. In human HepG2 hepatocytes E2 increased PCSK9 promoter activity 303%, while the combination of [rHSP27 + PAb] decreased PCSK9 promoter activity by 64%.Conclusion The reduction in post-OVX atherogenesis and cholesterol levels with rHSP25 vaccination is associated with increased LDLR but not PCSK9 expression. Surprisingly, E2 therapy attenuates atherogenesis and cholesterol levels post-OVX without altering LDLR but increases PCSK9 expression and promoter activity. This is the first documentation of increased PCSK9 expression with E2 therapy and raises questions about balancing physiological estrogenic / PCSK9 homeostasis and targeting PCSK9 in women – are there effects beyond cholesterol?Competing Interest StatementEOB and YXC are inventors on US patents 8343915B2 and 8343916B2; EOB, CS and YXC are inventors on US patent application PCT/CA2016/051018; EOB is the inventor on US patent application 63/031,6402020; all intellectual property pertains to HSP27 diagnostics / therapeutics. EOB is the Scientific Co-Founder of Pemi31 Therapeutics Inc., a startup company that controls the aforementioned intellectual property. EOB, CS and YXC have equity interests in Pemi31 Therapeutics Inc.AbbreviationsAAbanti-HSP27 (or anti-HSP25) antibodiesApoE-/-apolipoprotein E nulla.u.absorbance unitsE217β estradiolHFDhigh fat dietHPRThypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferaseHSP27Heat Shock Protein 27HSP27o/eHSP27 over-expressingLDL-Clow density lipoprotein cholesterolLDLRlow density lipoprotein receptorMPmenopausemRNAmessenger RNANF-κBnuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cellsONovernightOVXovariectomyPAbpolyclonal anti-HSP27 IgG antibodyPBSphosphate buffered salinePCSK9Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9rC1recombinant C-terminal truncation of HSP27 spanning amino acids 90-205rHSP27recombinant HSP27SDS-PAGEsodium dodecyl sulfate and polyacrylamide gelWBWestern BlotView Full Text