Biology subjects

Low, Y. W.

Publications and source records attributed to Low, Y. W..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Stabilising selection and ecological trade-offs underpin coexistence in a tropical flora

Tropical forests harbour the majority of global plant biodiversity1,2, yet the genomic mechanisms governing the assembly and maintenance of these communities remain poorly understood. Here, we assembled draft genomes for 499 angiosperm species from a lowland rainforest in Singapore, representing 67% of its flora, and integrated these with plant traits and comprehensive forest census data. Across the community, most gene families evolve under stabilising selection, with copy numbers maintained near long-term optima that differ among ecological strategies. These niche-associated genomic attractor states provide a mechanism for convergent adaptation and species coexistence. Modelling stabilising selection also identified a strong trade-off between defence and growth, indicating that pathogen pressure constrains developmental diversification. Consistent with this, species-specific genome space was enriched for resistance genes and transposable elements. In contrast, genomic processes structuring present-day plant community composition differ from those driving deep-time convergence. Genomic comparisons across forest types revealed stronger selection on defence-related pathways in old-growth primary forests and on growth-related processes in regenerating secondary forests, while community-level genomic profiles showed expansions in gene families associated with rapid responses to environmental fluctuations. Stabilising selection therefore links population-level adaptation3,4 with long-term species diversification in the tropics. Niche similarity promotes long-term coexistence, whereas local community structure is shaped by more rapid ecological filtering driven by environmental change. Taken together, these two distinct evolutionary layers provide a genomic framework for understanding how hyperdiverse rainforest floras arise and persist.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

Subgenome dominance shapes novel gene evolution in the decaploid pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis

Subgenome dominance after whole-genome duplication generates distinction in gene number and expression at the level of chromosome sets, but it remains unclear how this process may be involved in evolutionary novelty. Here, we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly of the Asian pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis to analyze how its novel traits (dioecy and carnivorous pitcher leaves) are linked to genomic evolution. We found a decaploid karyotype with five complete sets of syntenic chromosomes (2n = 10x = 80) yet with a clear indication of subgenome dominance and highly diploidized gene contents. The male-linked and pericentromerically located region on the putative sex chromosome was identified in a recessive subgenome and was found to harbor three transcription factors involved in flower and pollen development, including a likely neofunctionalized LEAFY duplicate. Transcriptomic and syntenic analyses of carnivory-related genes suggested that the paleopolyploidization events seeded genes that subsequently formed tandem clusters in recessive subgenomes with specific expression in the digestive zone of the pitcher, where specialized cells digest prey and absorb derived nutrients. Novel gene evolution in recessive subgenomes is likely to be prevalent because duplicates were enriched with Nepenthes-specific genes with tissue-specific expression, including those expressed in trapping pitchers. Thus, subgenome dominance likely contributed to evolutionary novelty by allowing recessive subgenomes experiencing relaxed purifying selection to serve as a preferred host of novel tissue-specific duplicates. Our results provide insight into how polyploids, which may frequently be evolutionary dead-ends, have given rise to novel traits in exceptionally thriving high-ploidy lineages.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine plant Oldenlandia corymbosa reveals the biosynthesis and mode of action of anti-cancer metabolites

Natural products from traditional medicinal plants are valuable candidates for clinical cancer therapy. Plants from the Oldenlandia-Hedyotis complex are popular ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), however a major hurdle in the plant bioprospecting process of TCM plants is that the active metabolites, their biosynthetic pathways, and mode of action are often unknown. We show that Oldenlandia corymbosa extracts are active against breast cancer cell lines. To study the genes involved in the biosynthesis of active compounds in this medicinal plant, we assembled a high-quality genome. We show that the main active compound is ursolic acid and that abiotic stresses cause changes in anti-cancer activity, metabolite composition, and gene expression of plants. To reveal the mode of action of ursolic acid, we show that cancer cells undergo mitotic catastrophe, and we identify three high-confidence protein binding targets by Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) and reverse docking.

plant biology↗