Biology subjects

Liu, M.

Publications and source records attributed to Liu, M..

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Shear-Induced Oscillations and Hydrodynamic Buffering Stabilize Sperm Surface Navigation

Navigation near boundaries under strong flow is central to microswimmer transport in active matter. Using microfluidics, we track rolling bovine sperm near planar walls in Poiseuille flow with near-wall shear rates up to 50 s-1. As flow increases, we observe a universal dynamical transition: circular surface swimming at zero flow, upstream rheotaxis at weak flow, and a novel near-surface oscillation (NSO) state at high shear, characterized by large-angle oscillations and periodic lifting from the wall. Surprisingly, sperm remain concentrated in a near-wall layer even when downstream advection dominates. A minimal mechanistic model combining hydrodynamic wall interactions, shear-driven Jeffery rotation, and steric flagellar-wall collisions reproduces these transitions and reveals a hydrodynamic buffer zone--a range of shear rates where the mean wall distance remains nearly constant. This buffering arises from a competition between wall-attracted and bulk-oscillatory states, providing a robust physical mechanism for surface navigation in fluctuating environments.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2026

Cell type-centric interaction networks define spatial architecture of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Tumor spatial organization critically shapes disease progression and therapeutic response, yet remains poorly defined. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), a rare and aggressive liver malignancy with extensive stromal and immune remodeling, provides a compelling model to study tumor architecture. We generated a single-cell spatial atlas of 1 million cells from 131 iCCA patients using 53-plex spatial proteomics. To systemically characterize tumor spatial organization, we developed a graph-based deep learning framework to define cell type-centric interaction networks, identifying 41 distinct multicellular spatial patterns. Integration of these networks revealed higher-order tumor- and immune-enriched microenvironments associated with patient outcomes. Notably, neutrophil-associated tumor-enriched and tumor-desert microenvironments delineated patient groups with opposing clinical outcomes and distinct neutrophil states. These findings were validated by single-cell spatial transcriptomic profiling of 6 million cells from 162 iCCA patients. Together, this study defines the spatial architecture of iCCA and provides a comprehensive resource for exploring tumor spatial organization.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Jump-starting the T cell response in established tumors

Checkpoint blockade only works in 10-20% of patients. Consequently, investigators are testing checkpoint inhibitors in combination with drugs like the class I histone deacetylase inhibitor, entinostat (ENT). Unfortunately, the combination of ENT and checkpoint blockade fared poorly in patients with breast or ovarian cancer, despite promising pre-clinical results. Here we show that ENT enhances CD8+ T cell responses by maintaining a progenitor-like population of CD8+ T cells that supplies activated effector T cells to tumors for prolonged periods. Surprisingly, the anti-tumor effects of ENT are only experienced when delivered during a narrow window that occurs after T cell activation and before T cell exhaustion--a window that is likely closed in most patients. However, by first "jump-starting" the T cell response using an oncolytic virus, the anti-tumor activity of ENT and PD1 blockade is restored. These data establish a general paradigm, independent of tumor type, to rationally manipulate anti-tumor immunity.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2026

A precision-cut lung slice platform for evaluating respiratory virus replication dynamics

Understanding respiratory virus replication, tropism, and disease mechanisms requires experimental systems that balance physiological relevance with scalability. Although immortalized cell lines remain widely used, they fail to capture the cellular complexity of the lung, while animal models--though informative--are often costly, low-throughput, and limited in their ability to model human disease. Here, we describe a rapid and scalable precision-cut lung slice (PCLS) platform that overcomes many of these limitations. Our workflow generates infection-ready lung tissue slices within 24 hours and maintains tissue viability over extended culture periods. Using influenza A virus as a model pathogen, we demonstrate that PCLS support robust viral replication, recapitulate characteristic infection-associated pathology, and elicit localized immune cell responses within the respiratory epithelium. Together, these features establish PCLS as a versatile and physiologically relevant platform for studying the biology of influenza virus and other respiratory pathogens.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2026

Biosynthetic allene and alkyne formation by enzymatic prenyl demethylation

Allenes and alkynes are versatile functional groups in total synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and bioorthogonal conjugation. The biosynthetic logic of how Nature installs allene or alkyne in natural products, especially that of allenes, is not well understood. Here we uncovered allenes and alkynes can be formed enzymatically through oxidative C(sp2)-demethylation of the common five-carbon prenyl group. Two fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, PpnB and NseB, from the penipratynolene and sinuxylamide biosynthetic pathways, respectively, were shown to catalyze oxidative removal of a C(sp2)-methyl group in O-prenyl-L-tyrosine to afford O-homoallenyl-L-tyrosine and O-but-2-ynyl-L-tyrosine, respectively. Combining density functional theory calculations, heterologous expression, biotransformation and enzymatic assays with isotopically labeled substrates, a mechanism involving selective C-C bond cleavage followed by product-determining hydrogen atom abstraction is presented. An additional P450 enzyme from the penipratynolene pathway, PpnD, acts as an oxidative isomerase that converts the four-carbon terminal allene into a terminal alkyne. This unprecedented enzymatic editing strategy to install allene and alkyne expands the catalytic repertoire of P450 enzymes. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100 SRC="FIGDIR/small/727785v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (21K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@54a57dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13cb5d0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c4a2b7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@196b357_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2026

Paving the way for plant-based bioproduction of (Z)-13-octadecenoic moth pheromone compounds

Sex pheromones are eco-friendly agents to control pest insects. Yet, the cost of synthetic pheromone production has restricted their use essentially to high value crops. Plant-based bioproduction of pheromone compounds offers a promising and sustainable alternative, opening up for the deployment of pheromone-mediated pest control also in row crops. The rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis uses C18 pheromone compounds and is a major rice pest in South China. We demonstrate that the fatty acid precursor of the main C18 pheromone component of C. medinalis, (Z)-13-octadecenal, can be biotechnologically produced using the oilseed crop Camelina sativa. First, we used deuterium-labelling to establish an elongation-based pathway for pheromone precursor formation from hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid via desaturation to (Z)-11-hexadecenoic acid and elongation to (Z)-13-octadecenoic acid. Using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, we identified a minimal pathway consisting of a {Delta}11 desaturase (CmedDES1), an elongase (CmedELO1), and a fatty acyl reductase (CmedFAR2) for the heterologous biosynthesis of long-chain pheromone monounsaturated C18 precursors in planta. Co-expression of the insect desaturases CmedDES1 or CsupYPAQ with the Camelina elongase CsaKCS1 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in higher production of Z13-18 products compared to co-expression with insect elongases. We finally engineered Camelina sativa seeds through seed-specific co-expression of the Z11-16-forming insect desaturase CsupYPAQ and CsaKCS1 elongase, enabling the accumulation of C18 fatty acid pheromone precursors. Our study paves the way for sustainable production of the sex pheromone of C. medinalis and other C18 monounsaturated pheromone precursors for crop protection.

synthetic biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Developmental patterning of adipose tissue by abd-A and Abd-B homeotic genes in Drosophila melanogaster

The Bithorax Complex (BX-C) homeobox proteins specify segmental identities along the anterior-posterior axis during Drosophila embryogenesis. Differential expression of the BX-C genes abd-A and Abd-B distinguishes abdominal from thoracic adipocytes, yet the mechanism regulating this heterogeneity remains poorly understood. Here, we identify cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and transcription factors that direct abdominal-specific expression of abd-A and Abd-B in the larval fat body. Fine-mapping analyses identified a 627-bp CRE within the Abd-B locus and a [~]6-kb CRE within the abd-A locus sufficient to drive heterogeneous expression. Yeast one-hybrid screening combined with functional analyses identified Lola, Lolal, and Combgap as key repressors of Abd-B, whereas Piragua (Prg) and Seven up (Svp) function as transcriptional activators, indicating that adipocyte heterogeneity in postembryonic adipose tissue is actively regulated. In turn, lola and prg are repressed by Abd-B, whereas lolal and svp are activated, forming a feedback circuit further modulated by Wnt signaling, which promotes lola and lolal expression while repressing svp. CUT&RUN analyses suggest that these interactions are direct, with dTCF/Pan and Abd-B occupancy detected at target loci. Together, our findings define a transcriptional circuit that regulates Abd-B gene transcription to pattern adipose tissue and may establish the developmental basis of fat depot specialization. One-sentence summaryTranscriptional regulation of abd-A & Abd-B in adipocytes

genetics↗

bioRxiv2026

Pharmacokinetic Acceleration via CYP3A4 Hyperactivation as a Clinically Actionable Mechanism of Targeted Therapy Resistance in NSCLC

Resistance of cancers to targeted therapies is traditionally framed as a tumor-intrinsic phenomenon, mediated by tumor cell-intrinsic or microenvironmental mechanisms. Here, we identify a tumor-extrinsic, systemic resistance mechanism resulting from hyperactivation of the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP3A4. This tumor-extrinsic resistance mechanism can function independently of, or in tandem with, tumor-intrinsic resistance. Focusing on experimental mouse models of targetable lung cancer, we find that xenobiotic-mediated induction of CYP3A4 results in accelerated drug metabolism and a drastic reduction in systemic and tumor-drug exposure in vivo. CYP3A4 activation can be triggered by chemically unrelated xenobiotics, leading to resistance to a wide range of targeted therapies, including ALK, EGFR, and KRASG12C inhibitors. Retrospective analysis of clinical cohorts suggests that variability in CYP3A4 activity might be a major contributor to variability in clinical outcomes. While higher CYP3A4 activity leads to sub-therapeutic tumor drug exposure and shorter progression-free survival, reduced drug metabolism is expected to result in supratherapeutic exposure and increased systemic toxicity. To address the consequences of abnormal CYP3A4 activity, we utilized mathematical modeling to demonstrate that drug concentrations can be restored through the optimization of dosing amounts and intervals. Further, we show that tumor sensitivity to targeted therapies can be rescued through pharmacological inhibition of CYP3A4. Our findings establish systemic metabolic variability as a bona fide resistance and toxicity driver, providing a translational framework for personalized dosing to maximize both safety and efficacy.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Temporal Transcriptomics Identifies Isoform-specific Trans-regulation by Multiple lncRNAs in Human iPSCs

Some long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to regulate gene expression. However, the underlying temporal dynamics of lncRNAs influencing gene and epigenetic regulation and mechanisms of lncRNA regulation in trans are less understood. To investigate this, we genetically engineered 17 doxycycline-inducible lncRNA transgenes for ectopic expression at the H11 safe harbor locus in human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and we generated high-density temporal RNA-seq and ATAC-seq profiles. Most lncRNA transgenes were induced at 2 hours and maintained expression through the 96-hour time course. Surprisingly, when we sought to identify gene expression changes due to the lncRNAs, we found that the global transcriptional landscape was dominated by a strong systemic response triggered by doxycycline exposure. We rigorously defined this cohort of genes as a Doxycycline-Responsive Gene Signature (DRGS). The DRGS was also present in at least 28 public datasets from dox-inducible transgene studies involving diverse cell types. Next, we determined which lncRNAs exhibited trans-regulatory events. We identified DANCR, FENDRR, LINC00667, LINC00847, LNCPRESS1, and PNKY as lncRNAs that regulate specific transcript expression in trans. The downstream target genes encoded 53 mRNAs and 10 lncRNAs. None of the target lncRNAs altered gene expression proximal to their own loci (i.e., triggering secondary cis-effects). Surprisingly, the target genes of LINC00847 (transcribed from chromosome 22) were substantially enriched on chromosome 19, with a preponderance of target genes encoding RNA metabolism and RNA splicing factors. Collectively, our study provides a resource to discern artifacts in the doxycycline-inducible system and identifies temporally regulated targets of 6 lncRNAs for future mechanistic studies.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2026

Helminth-remodeled microbial indole-3-lactic acid drives AhR-dependent disease tolerance

Helminths systemically suppress host immunity, yet whether they impose immune tolerance by rewiring host-associated microbial metabolism remains unclear. Here we show that Trichinella spiralis infection remodels intestinal tryptophan metabolism to generate an AhR-dependent regulatory immune state. T. spiralis infection enriched the commensal bacterium Ligilactobacillus murinus, which converted tryptophan into indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), a microbial metabolite that directly engaged the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Antibiotic-mediated microbiota depletion abolished infection-induced ILA accumulation, AhR activation and Treg/Th17 rebalancing, whereas fecal microbiota transplantation from infected donors or supplementation with L. murinus or ILA restored these effects. Pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of AhR eliminated the ability of T. spiralis, L. murinus and ILA to restrain LPS-induced cytokine-storm-like lung inflammation, establishing AhR as an essential host node in this circuit. Extending these findings to viral inflammatory disease, oral ILA improved survival and reduced pulmonary immunopathology in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice. Re-analysis of human COVID-19 metabolomic data further revealed reduced circulating ILA in severe disease. These findings define a helminth-remodeled microbial tryptophan metabolic pathway that promotes disease tolerance and identify the ILA-AhR axis as a candidate postbiotic strategy for limiting hyperinflammatory tissue injury.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2026

Molecular basis of quorum-sensing signal transduction by CqsS and its inhibition by CqsA the autoinducer synthase

Vibrio bacteria possess multiple quorum-sensing systems, each of which conveys information into the cell concerning the cell density and species composition of the vicinal community. Germane to the present work is the CqsA-CqsS quorum-sensing pathway that vibrios use for intra-genus communication. CqsA is the synthase for the autoinducer (S)-3-hydroxytridecan-4-one (CAI-1), and CqsS, a bi-functional two-component kinase-phosphatase, is the CAI-1 receptor. Here, we determine the cryo-EM structures of the full-length Vibrio harveyi CqsS dimer in the apo- and ATP{gamma}S-bound states. Our structures reveal the molecular basis for the initiation of the phosphorylation cascade, which we support through biochemical and genetic analyses. Autophosphorylation of CqsS occurs in cis at the conserved histidine residue (H1), whereas phospho-transfer to the conserved aspartate residue (D1) in the C-terminal receiver domain occurs in trans. By co-expressing CqsS and CqsA to capture CqsS bound to CAI-1, we unexpectedly discover a tight interaction between the CqsS intracellular domain and CqsA. In the complex, the CqsS H1 residues are positioned away from the catalytic cavity, and CqsS kinase activity is inhibited. Cryo-EM analysis, focused on the transmembrane domain of CqsS in this complex, reveals the presence of two CAI-1 molecules. CAI-1 binding induces an obvious movement of transmembrane helix 6, disrupting its extension into the cytosol, providing a structural basis for how CAI-1 binding in the periplasm is coupled to signal transduction into the cytoplasm. Together, our findings advance the understanding of CqsS-CAI-1-mediated quorum-sensing signal transduction, an activity that underpins the coordination of group behaviors in vibrios.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2026

Small extracellular vesicular transfer of MYCN and glycolytic cargo coordinates metabolic and immunological reprogramming in neuroblastoma in vitro

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging mediators of oncogenic communication within the neuroblastoma (NB) tumour microenvironment (TEM). Here, we investigated how constitutive MYCN overexpression influences the proteomic and functional properties of small EVs (sEVs) derived from SKNAS-MYCN-GFP (SK-M) cells and assessed their impact on non-cancerous immune cells. SK-M cells exhibited robust MYCN upregulation at both the mRNA and protein levels and produced sEVs that were selectively enriched in MYCN. Transwell co-culture revealed transfer of MYCN-GFP to recipient DC2.4 nuclei, indicating intercellular transport of functional transcription factor cargo. LC-MS/MS profiling showed that SK-M sEVs incorporated oncogenic cargo non-randomly, displaying significant enrichment of metabolic and MYC/MYCN-regulated pathways, including glycolysis, mTORC1 signalling, and suppression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). These observations are consistent with emerging evidence that MYC family proteins can regulate metabolism through vesicular transfer of glycolytic kinases to neighbouring cells. Functionally, SK-M cells displayed elevated lactate secretion and reduced acetyl-CoA, and their sEVs induced a glycolytic shift in recipient immune cells, increasing lactate output in DC2.4, RAW264.7, BMDCs, and splenocytes. sEV-treated BMDCs and splenocytes acquired immunoregulatory phenotypes characterised by increased IL-10, reduced IL-12, expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and macrophage polarization toward an M2-like state. These findings demonstrate that MYCN-driven NB cells disseminate metabolic and immunosuppressive cues via sEVs, reshaping the local immune landscape to favour tumour tolerance. This study provides mechanistic insight into how MYCN-amplified NB cells exploit EV-based communication to coordinate metabolic rewiring and immune escape.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Auxin promotes GPI-anchored protein-mediated trafficking of ABP1 to enable cell-surface auxin signaling

Rapid auxin responses are triggered by Auxin-Binding Protein 1 (ABP1) signaling; however, the coupling of hormone perception to signaling activation is unclear. ABP1, a cell surface auxin receptor, is localized to endoplasmic reticulum (ER), raising a fundamental question of where auxin is perceived and how signaling-competent receptors are mobilized to cell surface. Herein, we established a dark-induced auxin synthesis system in Arabidopsis hypocotyl; abp1 mutants showed pronounced elongation. Auxin dose-dependently stimulates LORELEI-like glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein 1 (GPI-AP, LLG1) interaction with ABP1, driving their outward trafficking from ER. However, this complex dissociated in acidic apoplast, facilitating H+-ATPase-mediated auxin signaling. Our findings reveal how intracellular auxin perception is converted into rapid cell-surface signaling, establishing a mechanistic framework for fast auxin responses and uncovering a GPI-AP-mediated trafficking mechanism for ER-retained receptors.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Metabolic adaptation to maternal hyperglycemia via ACLY-dependent acetyl-CoA production drives epigenetic remodeling and dysregulated placental development

AbstractsGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy that is paradoxically associated with both fetal overgrowth and fetal growth restriction (FGR). While maternal hyperglycemia is widely presumed to drive macrosomia through excessive nutrient supply, the mechanisms underlying FGR remain poorly understood. Here, using a mouse model that recapitulates the small-for-gestational-age (SGA) phenotype observed in human GDM pregnancies, we identify placental underdevelopment as a principal driver of FGR. Despite systemic nutrient abundance, hyperglycemic placentas exhibit reduced mass and an increased fetal-to-placental weight ratio, indicative of placental insufficiency. Mechanistically, maternal hyperglycemia induces anabolic metabolic rewiring while suppressing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), accompanied by upregulation and nuclear redistribution of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY). ACLY converts glucose-derived carbon into acetyl-CoA in the cytosol and nucleus, thereby coupling glycolytic flux to lipid and hexosamine biosynthesis as well as to global histone hyperacetylation. This hyperacetylation-associated epigenetic reprogramming activates metabolic, innate immune, and inflammatory gene programs while repressing pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways. Consequently, placental growth is compromised despite nutrient excess. Importantly, activation of the ACLY-acetyl-CoA axis and global histone hyperacetylation is consistently observed in human GDM placentas across diverse birth outcomes, suggesting a conserved metabolic-epigenetic adaptation to maternal hyperglycemia. Together, these findings identify ACLY-dependent acetyl-CoA production as a central metabolic node linking maternal hyperglycemia to chromatin remodeling and placental development control, thereby reshaping fetal growth trajectories.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Isoform-resolved spatial transcriptomics on a lab-made high-density array via a single-chip NGS-TGS workflow

High-resolution spatial transcriptomics is still cost-prohibitive and dominated by short-read sequencing, limiting in situ detection of transcript structures. Here we present a low-cost, lab-made, high-density bead-in-microwell chip assembled by routine centrifuge and decoded by a tri-part combinatorial long-barcode strategy. The design provides 5.6x107 barcode combinations across 4.1x10{square} capture sites, reducing collisions while remaining tolerant to third-generation sequencing raw errors. Using a single-chip, dual-platform workflow, we split full-length cDNA for next-generation and third-generation sequencing within the same spatial coordinates. In an incompatible tomato-pepper graft, we identified interface-associated splicing reprogramming, including thousands of unannotated isoforms, enriched novel CaGRP1 isoforms, and SlPIP2 intron retention, supported by individual long-read sequences. In mouse embryos, we further demonstrate cross-species applicability by resolving unannotated Col1a2 isoforms in oligodendrocyte progenitors and spatially restricted Dalrd3 intron retention. This cost-efficient system broadens access to spatial full-length transcriptomics and may support diverse biological studies.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Multi-omics characterization of vascular, neurodegenerative, and mixed neuropathology in the aging human brain

Late-life cognitive impairment most commonly occurs in the setting of mixed neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathology, yet the molecular programs distinguishing vascular, neurodegenerative, and mixed pathology in the aging human brain remain incompletely defined. We performed neuropathology-stratified proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of postmortem brain tissue from participants in the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex proteomics (n = 733) were analyzed alongside bulk RNA sequencing from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (n = 938), posterior cingulate cortex (n = 569), and anterior caudate (n = 632). Participants were classified into vascular, neurodegenerative, and mixed pathology groups based on comprehensive autopsy assessment. Neurodegenerative and mixed pathology, relative to vascular pathology, showed coordinated upregulation of immune and inflammatory pathways and downregulation of mitochondrial and oxidative phosphorylation programs across molecular layers. Although few individual proteins differed between mixed and neurodegenerative groups, pathway-level analyses identified additional remodeling programs in mixed pathology, including extracellular matrix organization and vesicle-mediated transport. Proteomic co-expression network analysis identified immune-stress modules associated with amyloid burden, tau pathology, and cognitive decline, whereas a mitochondrial bioenergetic module showed relative preservation in vascular pathology. Cross-omics concordance was robust at the pathway level but limited at the level of individual genes and proteins. These findings define conserved molecular programs distinguishing vascular, neurodegenerative, and mixed pathology and demonstrate that pathway-level organization provides a stable framework for interpreting molecular heterogeneity in late-life dementia.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2026

APEX1 Protects Cardiomyocytes Against Oxidative Stress by Regulating p53 Protein Stability

Withdrawal statementThe authors have withdrawn this manuscript because the preprint was uploaded to bioRxiv before all co-authors had been fully informed and had provided their explicit consent to make the manuscript publicly available as a preprint. Following internal discussions, the authors have reached a consensus that they do not wish this version to be publicly available. We therefore kindly request that this preprint be withdrawn on the bioRxiv platform. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Lipid droplets accumulate and delay regulated cell death execution

Normal and cancer cells accumulate lipid droplets (LDs) under stress to buffer lipotoxicity, but their role in regulated cell death (RCD) remains incompletely understood. Here, we explored LD accumulation across multiple apoptotic and non-apoptotic RCD modalities in human cancer cells and Drosophila germ cells. We found that LD accumulation arises from de novo LD biogenesis, whereas LD lipolysis remains active--or even enhanced--in dying germ cells and cancer cells, respectively. In Drosophila, LD accumulation in ATGL/Bmm lipase loss of function mutant inhibited germ cell death, supporting a protective role of LDs. Proteomic and imaging analyses revealed a broad redistribution of LD-associated proteins, encompassing lipid metabolism and stress response factors, as well as the pro-apoptotic effector Bax in human cancer cells during cell death. Enhanced LD-mitochondria contacts promoted the translocation of conformationally active Bax from mitochondria to LDs, thereby delaying apoptosis execution. Consistently, LD depletion sensitizes cells to Bax-dependent apoptosis, whereas LD accumulation confers resistance. Collectively, these findings define LD accumulation during cell death as a delaying mechanism in which LDs sequester mitochondrial cell death regulators, attenuating their pro-death activity and revealing potential therapeutic implications for apoptosis-resistant cancers.

cell biology↗