Biology subjects

Leong, J. S.

Publications and source records attributed to Leong, J. S..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2022

Effects of ancient anthropogenic clam gardens on the growth, survival, and transcriptome of Pacific littleneck clams (Leukoma staminea)

Clam gardens traditionally established and maintained by coastal Indigenous Peoples of northwest North America are habitat modifications to enhance intertidal clam productivity for reliable local food production. In this study, phenotypic and transcriptomic responses of Pacific littleneck clams (Leukoma staminea) were evaluated 16 weeks after transplantation to either unmaintained clam gardens or reference (unmodified) clam beaches. Beach sediment characteristics including grain size and organic content were examined across all beaches. Large differences in abiotic characteristics and phenotypic responses were observed among beaches; however, differences were not related to the clam garden/reference beach effect. Clam survival and growth were negatively associated with small rocks, very fine sand, and silt, along with carbonate and organic content, and positively associated with coarse sand, sand, and fine sand. To investigate molecular responses to unmaintained clam gardens, a de novo transcriptome containing 52,000 putative transcripts was assembled for L. staminea and was used to test for differential expression between transplanted clams in unmaintained clam gardens or on reference beaches. As expected, given the lack of significant phenotypic differences between treatments, transcriptomic responses to unmaintained clam gardens were minor, although several weakly-associated transcripts were identified. By contrast, the strong survival gradient across beaches was used to identify genes associated with survival and, combined with characterization of tissue-specific expression in the gill and digestive gland, contributes to our understanding of molecular processes in this non-model species.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2022

Isolation-by-distance and population-size history inferences from the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) genome

Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) are a culturally and economically important species that return from multiyear ocean migrations to spawn in rivers that flow to the Northern Pacific Ocean. Southern stocks of coho salmon have significantly declined over the past quarter century, and unfortunately, conservation efforts have not reversed this trend. To assist in stock management and conservation efforts, we generated two chromosome-level genome assemblies and sequenced 24 RNA-seq libraries to better annotate the coho salmon genome assemblies. We also resequenced the genomes of 83 coho salmon across their North American range to identify nucleotide variants, characterize the broad effects of isolation-by-distance using a genome-wide association analysis approach, and understand the demographic histories of these salmon by modeling population size from genome-wide data. We observed that more than 13% of all SNPs were associated with latitude (before multiple test correction), likely an affect of isolation-by-distance. From demographic history modeling, we estimated that the SNP latitudinal gradient likely developed as recently as 8,000 years ago. In addition, we identified four genes each harboring multiple SNPs associated with latitude; all of these SNPs were also predicted to modify the function of the gene. Three of these genes have roles in cell junction maintenance and may be involved in osmoregulation. This signifies that ocean salinity may have been a factor influencing coho salmon recolonization after the last glaciation period - generating the current pattern of variation in these three genes.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2021

The salmon louse genome: copepod features and parasitic adaptations.

Copepods encompass a range of ecological roles from parasites to phytoplankton grazers linking primary producers to higher trophic levels. Despite these important roles, copepod genome assemblies are scarce. Lepeophtheirus salmonis is an economically and ecologically important ectoparasitic copepod. We present the 695.4 Mbp L. salmonis genome assembly containing {approx}60% repetitive regions and 13081 annotated protein-coding genes. The genome comprises 14 autosomes and a ZZ-ZW sex chromosome system. Assembly assessment identified 92.4% of the expected arthropod genes. Transcriptomics validated annotation and revealed a marked shift in gene expression after host attachment, including downregulation of genes related to circadian rhythm coinciding with abandoning diurnal migration. The genome shows evolutionary signatures including loss of peroxisomes, numerous FNII domains, and an incomplete heme homeostasis pathway suggesting heme proteins to be obtained from the host. Despite large capacity to develop resistance against chemical treatments L. salmonis exhibits low numbers of many genes involved in detoxification.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2020

Population genomics of North American northern pike: variation and sex-specific signals from a chromosome-level, long read genome assembly

The northern pike Esox lucius is a freshwater fish renowned for having low genetic diversity but ecological success throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Here we generate an annotated chromosome-level genome assembly of 941 Mbp in length with 25 chromosome-length scaffolds using long-reads and chromatin capture technology. We then align whole-genome resequencing data against this reference to genotype northern pike from Alaska through New Jersey (n = 47). A striking decrease in genetic diversity occurs along the sampling range, whereby samples to the west of the North American Continental Divide have substantially higher diversity than populations to the east. As an example, individuals from Interior Alaska in the west and St. Lawrence River in the east have on average 181K and 64K heterozygous SNPs per individual, respectively (i.e., a SNP variant every 3.2 kbp and 11.2 kbp, respectively). Even with such low diversity, individuals clustered with strong support within each population, and this may be related to numerous private alleles in each population. Evidence for recent population expansion was observed for a Manitoba hatchery and the St. Lawrence population (Tajimas D = -1.07 and -1.30, respectively). Non-uniform patterns of diversity were observed across the genome, with large regions showing elevated diversity in several chromosomes, including LG24. In populations with the master sex determining gene amhby still present in the genome, amhby is in LG24. As expected, amhby was largely male-specific in Alaska and the Yukon and absent southeast to these populations, but we also document some amhby(-) males in Alaska and amhby(+) males in the Columbia River. This indicates that rather than a discrete boundary after which amhby was lost in North America, there is a patchwork of presence of this system in the western region. These results support the theory that northern pike recolonized North America from refugia in Alaska and expanded following deglaciation from west to east, with probable founder effects resulting in loss of both neutral and functional diversity including the loss of the sex determination system.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2017

Parallel epigenetic modifications induced by hatchery rearing in a Pacific Salmon

Highlights- First study to highlight parallel epigenetic modifications induced by hatchery rearing as a potential explanatory mechanism for rapid change in fitness\n\nSummaryA puzzling question in conservation biology is how to maintain overall fitness of individuals bred in captive environment upon release into the wild, especially for rehabilitating declining or threatened species [1,2]. For salmonid species, a heritable change in fitness related traits and gene expression has been reported to occur in a single generation of captivity in hatchery environment [3-5]. Such rapid changes are congruent with models of inadvertent domestication selection which may lead to maladaptation in the natural environment [4]. Arguably, the underlying mechanism by which captivity may induce fitness difference between wild and captive congeners is still poorly understood. Short-term selection on complex phenotypic traits is expected to induce subtle changes in allele frequency over multiple loci [7-9]. Yet, most studies investigating the molecular basis for rapid change in fitness related traits occurring in hatchery have concentrated their effort on finding evidence for selection at the genome level by identifying loci with large effect.\n\nNumerous wild stocks of Pacific anadromous salmon and trout (genus Oncorhynchus and Salmo) have experienced fluctuating abundance over the past century, with a series of sharp declines [6-8]. With the objectives of preserving ecosystem integrity, enhancing declining populations and sustaining fisheries, conservation hatcheries have been flourishing. This is particularly true along the North American Pacific coast where billions of salmonids, all species included, are released each year. Despite substantial improvement of production management, the beneficial ecological role of hatcheries in enhancing and restoring wild stocks is still debated, mainly because of the reduced fitness and maladaptation of hatchery-fish when released in the wild [3,5,9]. Although previous studies showed that domestication selection was involved in such fitness impairment, they also observed that different environmental conditions (e.g. reduced fish density) significantly modulated the physiological acclimation to hatchery environment [4].\n\nEnvironmental stimuli are especially relevant during early embryonic development, which also correspond to a sensitive methylation reprogramming window in vertebrates [10,11]. It is therefore plausible that differences in rearing environment during early development may result in epigenetic modifications that could in turn impact on fitness. However, the only epigenetic study to date pertaining to captive rearing in salmonids and performed using methylation-sensitive amplified fragments (MSAP) failed to identify significant changes in methylation profile associated with hatchery rearing [12]\n\nHere, we used a higher resolution approach to compare the genome-wide pattern of methylation in hatchery-reared juvenile (smolt) Coho Salmon with that of their wild counterparts in two geographically distant rivers in British Columbia, Canada. Using a reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) approach covering an average per individual of about 70 million cytosines in CpG context, we identified 100 methylated regions (DMRs) that differed in parallel between hatchery and natural origin salmon in both rivers. The total variance of epigenetic variation among individuals explained by river or origin and rearing environment in a RDA model was 16% (adj.R2=0.16), and both variables equally explained about 8% of the variance after controlling for each other. The gene ontology analysis revealed that regions with different methylation levels between hatchery and natural origin salmon showed enrichment for ion homeostasis, synaptic and neuromuscular regulation, immune and stress response, and control of locomotion functions. We further identified 15,044 SNPs that allowed detection of significant differences between either rivers or sexes. However, no effect of rearing environment was observed, confirming that hatchery and natural origin fish of a given river belong to the same panmictic population, as expected based on the hatchery programs applied in these rivers (see Supplementary experimental procedures). Moreover, neither a standard genome-scan approach nor a polygenic statistical framework allowed detection of selective effects within a single generation between hatchery and natural origin salmon. Therefore, this is the first study to demonstrate that parallel epigenetic modifications induced by hatchery rearing during early development may represent a potential explanatory mechanism for rapid change in fitness-related traits previously reported in salmonids.

genomics↗