Lempke, S. L. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2025

Cysteine-S-nitrosylation inhibits Rop5-mediated immune evasion in Toxoplasma gondii

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are a mechanism to control microbial infections conserved across the host species of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Cysteine S-nitrosylation (SNO) is a reversible post-translational modification that controls complex cell behaviors by regulating protein interactions and signal transduction events. Here we identified a cluster of T. gondii secreted effector proteins that are SNO-modified in a host inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS)-dependent manner. Among these were the rhoptry protein 5 (ROP5) paralogs, which are the major virulence determinants in T. gondii and an immunodominant antigen in B6 mice. ROP5 was necessary for Type I and Type II parasites to evade IFN-{gamma}-mediated immune clearance in iNOS-deficient macrophages. RNS led to the loss of ROP5 association with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, which is necessary for the known functions of ROP5. Infection with ROP5 knockout parasites rescued the susceptibility of iNOS-deficient mice to infection with Type II T. gondii. Together, these data indicate that RNS can promote cell-autonomous parasite clearance by inhibiting the function of ROP5 paralogs at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. ImportanceRNS are necessary for cell-autonomous immunity to T. gondii infection; however, the molecular mechanisms by which RNS regulate parasite control remain poorly understood. Our findings support a model where post-translational modification of ROP5 by RNS is a conserved mechanism of inhibiting the functions of divergent ROP5 paralogs. These data provide a specific example of how host RNS are used to counter T. gondii immune evasion effectors that can be applied to understand how nitrosylation regulates the function of other parasite effectors and the role of RNS in the control of other intracellular pathogens.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is necessary for GBP-mediated T. gondii restriction in murine macrophages via vacuole nitration and intravacuolar network collapse

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular, protozoan pathogen of rodents and humans. T. gondiis ability to grow within cells and evade cell-autonomous immunity depends on the integrity of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Interferon-inducible guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) are central mediators of T. gondii clearance, however, the precise mechanism linking GBP recruitment to the PV and T. gondii restriction is not clear. This knowledge gap is linked to heterogenous GBP-targeting across a population of vacuoles and the lack of tools to selectively purify the intact PV. To identify mediators of parasite clearance associated with GBP2-positive vacuoles, we employed a novel protein discovery tool automated spatially targeted optical micro proteomics (autoSTOMP). This approach identified inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) enriched at levels similar to the GBPs in infected bone marrow-derived myeloid cells. iNOS expression on myeloid cells was necessary for mice to control T. gondii growth in vivo and survive acute infection. T. gondii infection of IFN{gamma}-primed macrophage was sufficient to robustly induce iNOS expression. iNOS restricted T. gondii infection through nitric oxide synthesis rather than arginine depletion, leading to robust and selective nitration of the PV. Optimal parasite restriction by iNOS and vacuole nitration depended on the chromosome 3 GBPs. Notably, GBP2 recruitment and ruffling of the PV membrane occurred in iNOS knockouts, however, these vacuoles contained dividing parasites. iNOS activity was necessary for the collapse of the intravacuolar network of nanotubular membranes which connects parasites to each other and the host cytosol. Based on these data we conclude reactive nitrogen species generated by iNOS cooperate with the chromosome 3 GBPs to target distinct biology of the PV that are necessary for optimal parasite clearance in murine myeloid cells.

immunology↗