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Lee, P. S.

Publications and source records attributed to Lee, P. S..

6 recordsLinked to original sources
bioRxiv2024

3D Microphysiological Tumor Model for Dual-Targeting CAR T Cell Immunotherapy

The efficiency of immunotherapy stays limited for solid tumors. It is mainly caused by the tumoral structural heterogeneity and its complex microenvironment, which impede the infiltration of immune cells into malignant tissues. Mimicking this environment in frames of microphysiological models remains a challenge, significantly increasing costs of the clinical translation for the new therapies. Here, we study a 3D multi-spheroid model incorporating prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) modified PC3 human prostate cancer cells and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) expressing fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells embedded within the soft hydrogel microbeads. We use this model to trial the immunotherapy based on the universal chimeric antigen receptor (UniCAR) T cells, and to better understand the impact of FAP on the immunotherapeutic treatment of solid tumors. First, we demonstrate the successful chemoattraction and infiltration of UniCAR T cells into the area of solid tumors, as well as the ability of UniCAR T cells to navigate through artificial extracellular matrix barriers. We further observe the synergistic efficacy of a dual-targeting UniCAR T cell approach against FAP and PSCA antigens, which represent the tumor microenvironment and the tumor, respectively. The results of our studies offer valuable methodologies and insights for engineering different 3D tumor models and studying immunotargeting of small-sized solid tumors (e.g., metastases and residual tumors). The developed microphysiological system has great potential to advance cancer research efforts aiming to elucidate the pivotal role of microenvironment in solid tumor development, enabling therapy trials and more precise prognosis for patients.

bioengineering↗
bioRxiv2022

Autoregulation of a trimeric transporter involves the cytoplasmic domains of both adjacent subunits

Membrane transporters mediate the passage of molecules across membranes and are essential for cellular function. While the transmembrane region of these proteins is responsible for substrate transport, often the cytoplasmic regions are required for modulating their activity. However, it can be difficult to obtain atomic-resolution descriptions of these autoregulatory domains by classical structural biology techniques if they lack a single, defined structure, as they may not be resolved or may be truncated or modified to facilitate crystallization. The betaine permease, BetP, a homotrimer, is a prominent and well-studied example of a membrane protein whose autoregulation depends on cytoplasmic N- and C-terminal segments. These domains sense and transduce changes in K+ concentration and in lipid bilayer properties caused by osmotic stress. However, structural data for these terminal domains is incomplete, which hinders a clear description of the molecular mechanism of autoregulation. Here we used {micro}s-scale molecular simulations of the BetP trimer to compare reported conformations of the 45 amino-acid long C-terminal tails. The simulations provide support for the idea that the conformation derived from EM data represents a stable global orientation of the C-terminal segment under downregulating conditions. The simulations also allow a detailed molecular description of the C-terminal tail dynamics as well as its interactions with lipids, potassium ions, and the cytoplasmic surface of neighboring transporter subunits. Nevertheless, they do not provide information on the N-terminal segment, whose structure was not resolved by the structural studies. We therefore examined the possible interactions of the N-terminal tail by generating de novo models of its structure in the context of the EM-derived structure. The resultant full-length models of the BetP trimer provide a molecular framework for the arrangement of the terminal domains in the downregulated protein. In this framework, each C-terminal tail contacts the neighboring protomer in the clockwise direction (viewed from the cytoplasm), while the N-terminal tails only contact the protomer in the counterclockwise direction. This framework indicates an intricate interplay between the three protomers of BetP and, specifically, a multi-directionality that may facilitate autoregulation of betaine transport.

biochemistry↗
bioRxiv2020

A theoretical framework to study the influence of electrical fields on mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cell dynamics involves cell proliferation and cell differentiation into cells of distinct functional type, such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, or chondrocytes. Electrically active implants influence these dynamics for the regeneration of the cells in damaged tissues. How applied electric field influences processes of individual stem cells is a problem mostly unaddressed. The mathematical approaches to study stem cell dynamics have focused on the stem cell population as a whole, without resolving individual cells and intracellular processes. In this paper, we present a theoretical framework to describe the dynamics of a population of stem cells, taking into account the processes of the individual cells. We study the influence of the applied electric field on the cellular processes. We test our mean-field theory with the experiments from the literature, involving in vitro electrical stimulation of stem cells. We show that a simple model can quantitatively describe the experimentally observed time-course behavior of the total number of cells and the total alkaline phosphate activity in a population of mesenchymal stem cells. Our results show that the stem cell differentiation rate is dependent on the applied electrical field, confirming published experimental findings. Moreover, our analysis supports the cell density-dependent proliferation rate. Since the experimental results are averaged over many cells, our theoretical framework presents a robust and sensitive method for determining the effect of applied electric fields at the scale of the individual cell. These results indicate that the electric field stimulation may be effective in promoting bone regeneration by accelerating osteogenic differentiation.

biophysics↗
bioRxiv2019

Two distinct mechanisms of small molecule inhibition of LpxA acyltransferase essential for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis

The lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway is considered an attractive drug target against the rising threat of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we report two novel small-molecule inhibitors (compounds 1 and 2) of the acyltransferase LpxA, the first enzyme in the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway. We show genetically that the antibacterial activities of the compounds against efflux-deficient Escherichia coli are mediated by LpxA inhibition. Consistently, the compounds inhibited the LpxA enzymatic reaction in vitro. Intriguingly, using biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization, we reveal two distinct mechanisms of LpxA inhibition; compound 1 is a substrate-competitive inhibitor targeting apo LpxA and compound 2 is an uncompetitive inhibitor targeting the LpxA-product complex. Compound 2 exhibited more favorable biological and physicochemical properties than compound 1, and was optimized using structural information to achieve improved antibacterial activity against wild type E. coli. These results show that LpxA is a promising antibacterial target and imply the advantages of targeting enzyme-product complexes in drug discovery.

biochemistry↗
bioRxiv2018

Covalent Ligand Screening Uncovers a RNF4 E3 Ligase Recruiter for Targeted Protein Degradation Applications

Targeted protein degradation has arisen as a powerful strategy for drug discovery allowing the targeting of undruggable proteins for proteasomal degradation. This approach most often employs heterobifunctional degraders consisting of a protein-targeting ligand linked to an E3 ligase recruiter to ubiquitinate and mark proteins of interest for proteasomal degradation. One challenge with this approach, however, is that only few E3 ligase recruiters currently exist for targeted protein degradation applications, despite the hundreds of known E3 ligases in the human genome. Here, we utilized activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-based covalent ligand screening approaches to identify cysteine-reactive small-molecules that react with the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF4 and provide chemical starting points for the design of RNF4-based degraders. The hit covalent ligand from this screen reacted with either of two zinc-coordinating cysteines in the RING domain, C132 and C135, with no effect on RNF4 activity. We further optimized the potency of this hit and incorporated this potential RNF4 recruiter into a bifunctional degrader linked to JQ1, an inhibitor of the BET family of bromodomain proteins. We demonstrate that the resulting compound CCW 28-3 is capable of degrading BRD4 in a proteasome- and RNF4-dependent manner. In this study, we have shown the feasibility of using chemoproteomics-enabled covalent ligand screening platforms to expand the scope of E3 ligase recruiters that can be exploited for targeted protein degradation applications.

biochemistry↗