Estrogen Receptor α Regulates Ethanol Excitation of Ventral Tegmental Area Neurons and Binge Drinking in Female Mice
Elevations in estrogen (17{beta}-estradiol, E2) are associated with increased alcohol drinking by women and experimentally in rodents. E2 alters the activity of the dopamine system, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and its projection targets, which plays an important role in binge drinking. A previous study demonstrated that during high E2 states, VTA dopamine neurons in female mice are more sensitive to ethanol excitation. However, the mechanisms responsible for the ability of E2 to enhance ethanol sensitivity of VTA dopamine neurons have not been investigated. In this study, we used selective agonists and antagonists to examine the role of estrogen receptor subtypes (ER and ER{beta}) in regulating the ethanol sensitivity of VTA dopamine neurons and found that ER promotes the enhanced ethanol response of VTA dopamine neurons. We also demonstrated that the E2-induced increase in ethanol excitation requires the activity of the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR1, which is known to couple with ER at the plasma membrane. To investigate the behavioral relevance of these findings, we administered lentivirus expressing short hairpin RNAs targeting either ER or ER{beta} into the VTA and found that knockdown of each receptor in the VTA reduced binge-like ethanol drinking in female, but not male, mice. Reducing ER in the VTA had a more dramatic effect on binge-like drinking than reducing ER{beta}, consistent with the ability of ER to alter ethanol sensitivity of dopamine neurons. These results provide important insight into sex-specific mechanisms that drive excessive alcohol drinking.\n\nSignificance StatementEstrogen has potent effects on the dopamine system and increases the vulnerability of females to develop addiction to substances such as cocaine and alcohol. We investigated the mechanisms by which estrogen increases the response of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area to ethanol. We found that activation of the estrogen receptor, ER, increased the ethanol-induced excitation of dopamine neurons and that this required the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1. We also demonstrated that estrogen receptors in the ventral tegmental area regulate binge-like alcohol drinking by female, but not male, mice. The influence of estrogen receptors on binge drinking in female mice suggests that treatments for alcohol use disorder in women may need to account for this sex difference.