The KDM6 histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 induces metal and stress responses in multiple myeloma cells
Thioneins are cysteine-rich apoproteins that regulate divalent metal homeostasis by virtue of their metal-chelation properties resulting in the ligand-bound metallothionein state. Previous studies show transient upregulation of the metallothionein (MT) gene cluster as part of a complex transcriptional response to a class of histone demethylase tool compounds targeting human Fe2+ dependent ketoglutarate oxygenases KDM6A (UTX) and KDM6B (JmjD3). The prototypic bioactive KDM6 inhibitor GSK-J4 induces apoptotic cell death in multiple myeloma cells and corresponding transcriptomic profiles are dominated by metal and metabolic stress response signatures, also observed in primary human myeloma cells. Here we investigate the hypothesis that metal-chelation by GSK-J4 provides the means for transport and intracellular release of Zn2+ leading to a metallothionein transcriptomic response signature. Live cell imaging of myeloma cells shows transient increases in intracellular free Zn2+ concentrations when exposed to GSK-J4, consistent with a model of inhibitor-mediated metal transport. Comparisons of GSK-J4 and ZnSO4 treatments in the presence or absence of metal chelators show that both treatment conditions induce different transcription factor repertoires with an overlapping MTF1 transcriptional regulation responsible for metallothionein and metal ion transport regulation. The data provide a possible explanation for the observed metal response upon GSK-J4 inhibition however the relationship with the pro-apoptotic mechanism in myeloma cells requires further investigation.