Genome-wide DNA mutations in Arabidopsis plants after multigenerational exposure to high temperature
BackgroundElevated temperatures can cause physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses in plants that can greatly affect their growth and development. Mutations are the most fundamental force driving biological evolution. However, how long-term elevations in temperature influence the accumulation of mutations in plants remains unknown. ResultsHere we report that multigenerational exposure of Arabidopsis to extreme heat and moderate warming resulted in significantly increased mutation rates in single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small indels. We observed distinctive mutational spectra under extreme and moderately elevated temperatures, with significant increases in transition (C:G[->]T:A) and transversion (A:T[->]T:A) frequencies. Mutation occurred more frequently in intergenic regions, coding regions (especially nonsynonymous mutations), and transposable elements (TEs). At elevated temperatures, more mutations accumulated in genes associated with defense responses, DNA repair, and signaling, including the transcriptional response-related genes HSP70 and HSFA1A. Methylation was observed more frequently at mutation sites, indicating that it contributed significantly to the mutation process at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the mutations in lines and populations grown under elevated temperatures were significantly biased toward low gene density regions, special trinucleotides (GC context), tandem repeats, and adjacent simple repeats. Additionally, 24% (n = 64) of SNVs and 43% (n = 40) of indels found in all mutation accumulation lines overlapped significantly with genetic variations reported in 1001 Genomes, suggesting a non-uniform distribution of de novo mutations through the genome. ConclusionCollectively, our results suggest that elevated temperatures can accelerate the accumulation, and alter the molecular profiles, of DNA mutations in plants, thus providing significant insight into how environmental temperatures fuel plant evolution.