Biology subjects

Kumar, V.

Publications and source records attributed to Kumar, V..

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2020

Docking studies in targeting proteins involved in cardiovascular disorders using phytocompounds from Terminalia arjuna

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arnot (T. arjuna) commonly known as Arjuna has been known for its cardiotonic nature in heart failure, ischemic, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, myocardium necrosis and also has been used in the treatment of different human disorders such as blood diseases, anaemia and viral diseases. Our focus has been on phytochemicals which do not exhibit any cytotoxicity and have significant cardioprotective activity. Since Protein-Ligand interactions play a key role in structure-based drug design, therefore with the help of molecular docking, we screened 19 phytochemicals present in T. arjuna and investigated their binding affinity against different cardiovascular target proteins. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of target cardiovascular proteins were retrieved from Protein Data Bank, and docked with 3D Pubchem structures of 19 phytochemicals using Autodock vina. Molecular docking and drug-likeness studies were made using ADMET properties while Lipinskis rule of five was performed for the phytochemicals to evaluate their cardio protective activity. Among all selected phytocompounds, arjunic acid, arjungenin, and terminic acid were found to fulfill all ADMET rules, drug likeness, and are less toxic in nature. Our studies, therefore revealed that these three phytochemicals from T. arjuna can be used as promising candidates for developing broad spectrum drugs against cardiovascular diseases.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2020

aPKC drives cilia-independent Hedgehog signaling to maintain basal cell carcinoma growth

Primary cilia loss is a common feature of advanced cancers. While primary cilia are necessary to initiate Hedgehog (HH)-driven cancers, how HH pathway activity is maintained in advanced cancers devoid of primary cilia is unclear. Here, we find that HH-driven basal cell carcinoma (BCC) accumulates mutations in Alstrom and Usher syndrome genes. Loss of Alstrom and Usher syndrome gene expression, which are common underlying causes of deafness and blindness, suppresses primary ciliogenesis and HH signaling but enhances expression of atypical protein kinase C iota/lambda (aPKC), a GLI1 kinase necessary for advanced BCC growth. We show that aPKC expression is inversely correlated with primary ciliogenesis and that superficial BCCs display less primary cilia and higher aPKC expression, with the opposite trend in nodular BCC subtypes. Surprisingly, a constitutively active isoform of aPKC but not full-length protein drives HH pathway activity. Overexpression of the constitutively active aPKC variant can maintain HH pathway activity and tumor growth in the absence of primary cilia. Our results suggest tumors enhance isoform-specific expression of aPKC to prevent mutation-induced cessation of tumor growth.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2020

In silico and In vitro evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Cymbopogon citratus from North-western Himalayas

Cymbopogon citratus which is an aromatic perennial herb belonging to family Gramineae is known for its application in food and healthcare industry. The present study attempts to evaluate the potential of essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (CEO) as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. CEO showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 - 91.0 ± 9.25 µg/ml), as compared to Ascorbic acid (IC50-33.38 ± 2.29 µg/ml). CEO also exhibited significant in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 - 397.11± 1.45µg/ml) as compared to diclofenac sodium (IC50 - 682.98 ± 7.47 µg/ml). Chemical constituents of the oil was determined using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy, showed that 8-methyl-3,7-Nonadien-2-one (E), α-Pinene, limonene, citral, limonene oxide and Epoxy-α-terpenyl acetate were the major constituents. The in silico molecular docking study showed phytocompounds of CEO (Caryophyllene oxide and β-caryophyllene) have considerable binding potential with 1HD2 and 5IKQ receptors. PASS prediction of these phytocompounds also confirmed strong anti-inflammatory activity of C. citratus. The ADMET analysis also showed that these phytocompounds are safer to replace the synthetic drugs with side effects. This work establishes the anti inflammatory potential of CEO as an alternative to existing therapeutic approach to treatment of inflammation and also natural source of antioxidant compounds.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text

pharmacology and toxicology↗

bioRxiv2020

Molecular Docking studies of Phytocompounds of Rheum emodi Wall with proteins responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacterial and fungal pathogens: In silico approach to enhance the bio-availability of antibiotics

Rheum emodi Wall. (Himalayan rhubarb) has been used to cure many human diseases. Literature survey demonstrated that it has many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer and wound healing. The present study was aimed to understand if major phytocompounds of Rheum emodi could bind proteins responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacterial and fungal pathogens and enhance the potency of antibiotics. The major phytocompounds of R. emodi (emodin, rhein-13c6 and chrysophenodimethy ether) were retrieved from Pubchem and target proteins were retrieved from RCSB protein data bank. The docking study was performed with Hex 8.0.0 software and molinspiration, swiss ADME servers were used for determination of Lipinski rule of 5, drug-likeness prediction respectively, whereas, admetSAR and Protox-II tools were used for toxicity prediction. Among all the selected phytocompounds, emodin showed the best binding energy of -235.82 Kcal mol-1 and -245 Kcal mol-1 with cytochrome P450 14 alpha-sterol demethylase (PDB ID: 1EA1) and N-myristoyl transferase (PDB ID: 1IYL) receptors, respectively, which is more than that of fluconazole (-224.12 kcalmol-1 and -161.14 kcal mol-1). Similarly, with Penicillin binding protein 3 (PDB ID: 3VSL) receptor, emodin and Chrysophanol dimethyl ether showed highest binding energy of - 216.68 Kcal mol-1 and -215.58 kcal mol-1 which is comparable to erythromycin (-263.63 kcal mol-1), chloramphanicol (-217.34 kcal mol-1) and tetracycline (-263.63 kcal mol-1). All the selected phytocompounds also fulfill Lipinski rule, non-carcinogenic and non-cytotoxic in nature. These compounds also showed high LD50 value showing non-toxicity of these phytocompounds. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=99 SRC="FIGDIR/small/086835v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (34K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@384d63org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@60d824org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e23adorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@485efe_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2020

Shoot and root thermomorphogenesis are linked by a developmental trade-off

Temperature is one of the most impactful environmental factors to which plants adjust their growth and development. While the regulation of temperature signaling has been extensively investigated for the aerial part of plants, much less is known and understood about how roots sense and modulate their growth in response to fluctuating temperatures. Here we found that shoot and root growth responses to high ambient temperature are coordinated during early seedling development. A shoot signaling module that includes HY5, the phytochromes and the PIFs exerts a central function in coupling these growth responses and control auxin levels in the root. In addition to the HY5/PIF-dependent shoot module, a regulatory axis composed of auxin biosynthesis and auxin perception factors controls root responses to high ambient temperature. Together, our findings show that shoot and root developmental responses to temperature are tightly coupled during thermomorphogenesis and suggest that roots integrate energy signals with local hormonal inputs.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Computational analysis on the ACE2-derived peptides for neutralizing the ACE2 binding to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the COVID-19, is spreading globally and has infected more than 3 million people. It has been discovered that SARS-CoV-2 initiates the entry into cells by binding to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) through the receptor binding domain (RBD) of its spike glycoprotein. Hence, drugs that can interfere the SARS-CoV-2-RBD binding to hACE2 potentially can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 from entering human cells. Here, based on the N-terminal helix 1 of human ACE2, we designed nine short peptides that have potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 binding. Molecular dynamics simulations of peptides in the their free and SARS-CoV-2 RBD-bound forms allow us to identify fragments that are stable in water and have strong binding affinity to the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. The important interactions between peptides and RBD are highlighted to provide guidance for the design of peptidomimetics against the SARS-CoV-2.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2020

Dragonfly Inspired Smart Soft Robot

Recent advancements in soft robotics have led to the development of compliant robots that can exhibit complex motions driven by living cells(1, 2), chemical reactions(3), or electronics(4). Further innovations are however needed to create the next generation of soft robots that can carry out advanced functions beyond locomotion. Here we describe DraBot--a dragonfly-inspired, entirely soft, multifunctional robot that combines long-term locomotion over water surface with sensing, responding, and adaptation capabilities. By integrating soft actuators, stimuli-responsive materials, and microarchitectural features, we created a circuitry of pneumatic and microfluidic logic that enabled the robot to undergo user- and environment-controlled (pH) locomotion, including navigating hazardous (acidic) conditions. DraBot was also engineered to sense additional environmental perturbations (temperature) and detect and clean up chemicals (oil). The design, fabrication, and integration strategies demonstrated here pave a way for developing futuristic soft robots that can acclimatize and adapt to harsh conditions while carrying out complex tasks such as exploration, environmental remediation, and health care in complex environments.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2020

Interplay of host regulatory network on SARS-CoV-2 binding and replication machinery

We dissect the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung host from the initial phase of receptor binding to viral replication machinery. We constructed two independent lung protein interactome to reveal the signaling process on receptor activation and host protein hijacking machinery in the pathogenesis of virus. Further, we test the functional role of the hubs derived from both interactome. Most hubs proteins were differentially regulated on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Also, the proteins of viral replication hubs were related with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension confirming the vulnerability and severity of infection in the risk individual. Additionally, the hub proteins were closely linked with other viral infection, including MERS and HCoVs which suggest similar infection pattern in SARS-CoV-2. We identified five interconnecting cascades between hubs of both networks that show the preparation of optimal environment in the host for viral replication process upon receptor attachment. Interestingly, we propose that seven potential miRNAs, targeting the intermediate phase that connects receptor and viral replication process a better choice as a drug for SARS-CoV-2.

systems biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Role of TRPV1 in colonic mucin production and gut microbiota profile

PURPOSEThis study focuses on exploring the role of sensory cation channel Transient Receptor Potential channel subfamily Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in gut health, specifically mucus secretion and microflora profile in gut. METHODS AND RESULTSWe employed resiniferatoxin (ultrapotent TRPV1 agonist) induced chemo-denervation model in rats and studied the effects of TRPV1 ablation on gut mucus secretion patterns. Histological and transcriptional analysis showed substantial decrease in mucus production as well as in expression of genes involved in goblet cells differentiation, mucin production and glycosylation. 16S metagenome analysis revealed changes in abundance of various gut bacteria, including decrease in beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus spp and Clostridia spp. Also, TRPV1 ablation significantly decreased the levels of short chain fatty acids, i.e. acetate and butyrate. CONCLUSIONThe present study provides first evidence that systemic TRPV1 ablation leads to impairment in mucus secretion and causes dysbiosis in gut. Further, it suggests to address mucin production and gut microbiota related adverse effects during the development of TRPV1 antagonism/ablation-based therapeutic and preventive strategies.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2020

lncRNA Mediated Hijacking of T-cell Hypoxia Response Pathway by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Predicts Latent to Active Progression in Humans

Cytosolic functions of Long non-coding RNAs including mRNA translation masking and sponging are major regulators of biological pathways. Formation of T cell-bounded hypoxic granuloma is a host immune defence for containing infected Mtb-macrophages. Our study exploits the mechanistic pathway of Mtb-induced HIF1A silencing by the antisense lncRNA-HIF1A-AS2 in T cells. Computational analysis of in-vitro T-cell stimulation assays in progressors (n=119) versus non-progressor (n=221) tuberculosis patients revealed the role of lncRNA mediated disruption of hypoxia adaptation pathways in progressors. We found 291 upregulated and 227 downregulated DE lncRNAs that were correlated at mRNA level with HIF1A and HILPDA which are major players in hypoxia response. We also report novel lncRNA-AC010655 (AC010655.4 and AC010655.2) in cis with HILPDA, both of which contain binding sites for the BARX2 transcription factor, thus indicating a mechanistic role. Detailed comparison of infection with antigenic stimulation showed a non-random enrichment of lncRNAs in the cytoplasmic fraction of the cell in TB progressors. The lack of this pattern in non-progressors replicates indicates the hijacking of the lncRNA dynamics by Mtb. The in-vitro manifestation of this response in the absence of granuloma indicates pre-programmed host-pathogen interaction between T-cells and Mtb regulated through lncRNAs, thus tipping this balance towards progression or containment of Mtb. Finally, we trained multiple machine learning classifiers for reliable prediction of latent to the active progression of patients, yielding a model to guide aggressive treatment.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2020

A novel germline mutation in the POT1 gene predisposes to familial non-medullary thyroid cancer

Non-medullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) is a common endocrine malignancy with a genetic basis that has yet to be unequivocally established. In a recent whole genome sequencing study of five families with recurrence of NMTCs, we shortlisted promising variants with the help of bioinformatics tools. Here, we report in silico analyses and in vitro experiments on a novel germline variant (p.V29L) in the highly conserved oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding domain of the Protection of Telomeres 1 (POT1) gene in one of the families. The results showed that the variant demonstrates a reduction in telomere-bound POT1 levels in the mutant protein as compared to its wild-type counterpart. HEK293Tcells carrying POT1V29L showed increased telomere length in comparison to wild type cells, strongly suggesting that the mutation causes telomere dysfunction and may play a role in predisposition to NMTC in this family. This study reports the first germline POT1 mutation in a family with a predominance of thyroid cancer, thereby expanding the spectrum of cancers associated with mutations in the shelterin complex.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2020

Dmon1 and rab7 interact to regulate glutamate receptor GluRIIA levels at the larval Drosophila neuromuscular junction.

Regulation of post-synaptic receptors plays an important role in determining synaptic strength and plasticity. The Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (nmj) has been used extensively as a model to understand some of these processes. In this context, we are interested in the role of Drosophila Monensin sensitive protein 1 (DMon1) in regulating glutamate receptor (GluRIIA) levels at the nmj. Dmon1 is an evolutionarily conserved protein which, in complex with CCZ1, regulates the conversion of early endosomes to late endosomes through recruitment of Rab7. C-terminal deletion mutants of Dmon1 (Dmon1{Delta}181) exhibit lethality. The escapers have a short life span and exhibit severe motor defects. At the nmj, these mutants show a defects in synaptic morphology and a strong increase in glutamate receptor GluRIIA levels. The mechanism by which Dmon1 regulates GluRIIA is unclear. In this study, we have described the characterization the mutation in an EMS mutant referred to as pog1 and demonstrate this mutant to be an allele of Dmon1. Further, we have examined the role of rab7 in regulation the of GluRIIA. We show that similar to Dmon1, knock-down of rab7 using RNAi in neurons, and not muscles, leads to an increase in GluRIIA. Loss of one copy each of Dmon1 with rab7 leads to a synergistic increase in receptor expression. Further, overexpression of an activated Rab7 can rescue the GluRIIA phenotype observed in Dmon1{Delta}181 mutants. Together, these results highlight a neuronal role for Rab7 in GluRIIA regulation and underscores the important of the endo-lysosomal pathway in this process.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2020

Content and performance of the MiniMUGA genotyping array, a new tool to improve rigor and reproducibility in mouse research

The laboratory mouse is the most widely used animal model for biomedical research, due in part to its well annotated genome, wealth of genetic resources and the ability to precisely manipulate its genome. Despite the importance of genetics for mouse research, genetic quality control (QC) is not standardized, in part due to the lack of cost effective, informative and robust platforms. Genotyping arrays are standard tools for mouse research and remain an attractive alternative even in the era of high-throughput whole genome sequencing. Here we describe the content and performance of a new Mouse Universal Genotyping Array (MUGA). MiniMUGA, an array-based genetic QC platform with over 11,000 probes. In addition to robust discrimination between most classical and wild-derived laboratory strains, MiniMUGA was designed to contain features not available in other platforms: 1) chromosomal sex determination, 2) discrimination between substrains from multiple commercial vendors, 3) diagnostic SNPs for popular laboratory strains, 4) detection of constructs used in genetically engineered mice, and 5) an easy to interpret report summarizing these results. In-depth annotation of all probes should facilitate custom analyses by individual researchers. To determine the performance of MiniMUGA we genotyped 6,899 samples from a wide variety of genetic backgrounds. The performance of MiniMUGA compares favorably with three previous iterations of the MUGA family of arrays both in discrimination capabilities and robustness. We have generated publicly available consensus genotypes for 241 inbred strains including classical, wild-derived and recombinant inbred lines. Here we also report the detection of a substantial number of XO and XXY individuals across a variety of sample types, the extension of the utility of reduced complexity crosses to genetic backgrounds other than C57BL/6, and the robust detection of 17 genetic constructs. There is preliminary but striking evidence that the array can be used to identify both partial sex chromosome duplication and mosaicism, and that diagnostic SNPs can be used to determine how long inbred mice have been bred independently from the main stock for a significant action of the genotyped inbred samples. We conclude that MiniMUGA is a valuable platform for genetic QC and important new tool to the increase rigor and reproducibility of mouse research.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2020

A validated quantitative method for the assessment of neuroprotective barrier impairment in neurodegenerative disease models

The blood brain barrier (BBB) and blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) are highly specialised structures that limit molecule entry from the blood and maintain homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS). BBB and BSCB breakdown are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Given the key role of neuroprotective barrier impairment in neurodegeneration, it is important to identify an effective quantitative method to assess barrier integrity in animal models. In the present study, we developed and validated a quantitative method for assessing BBB and BSCB integrity using sodium fluorescein, a compound that outperformed other fluorescent dyes. We demonstrated using this method that multiple CNS regions progressively increase in permeability in models of Huntingtons disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, while biphasic disruption occurred in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease with disease progression. Collectively, we report a quantitative fluorometric marker with validated reproducible experimental methods, that allows the effective assessment of BBB and BSCB integrity in animal models. This method could be useful to further the understanding of the contribution of these neuroprotective barriers to neurodegeneration processes.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2020

Systematic prioritization of candidate genes in disease loci identifies TRAFD1 as a master regulator of IFNγ signalling in celiac disease

BackgroundCeliac disease (CeD) is a complex T cell-mediated enteropathy induced by gluten. Although genome-wide association studies have identified numerous genomic regions associated with CeD, it is difficult to accurately pinpoint which genes in these loci are most likely to cause CeD. ResultsWe used four different in silico approaches - Mendelian Randomization inverse variance weighting, COLOC, LD overlap and DEPICT - to integrate information gathered from a large transcriptomics dataset. This identified 118 prioritized genes across 50 CeD-associated regions. Co-expression and pathway analysis of these genes indicated an association with adaptive and innate cytokine signalling and T cell activation pathways. 51 of these genes are targets of known drug compounds and likely druggable genes, suggesting that our methods can be used to pinpoint potential therapeutic targets. In addition, we detected 172 gene-combinations that were affected by our CeD-prioritized genes in trans. Notably, 41 of these trans-mediated genes appear to be under control of one master regulator, TRAFD1, and were found to be involved in IFN{gamma} signalling and MHC I antigen processing/presentation. Finally, we performed in vitro experiments that validated the role of TRAFD1 as an immune regulator acting in trans. ConclusionsOur strategy has confirmed the role of adaptive immunity in CeD and revealed a genetic link between CeD and the IFN{gamma} signalling and MHC I antigen processing pathways, both major players of immune activation and CeD pathogenesis.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2020

Kinome Profiling of Primary Endometrial Tumors Using Multiplexed Inhibitor Beads and Mass Spectrometry Identifies SRPK1 As Candidate Therapeutic Target

Protein kinases (collectively, termed the kinome) represent one of the most tractable drug targets in the pursuit of new and effective cancer treatments. However, less than 20% of the kinome is currently being explored as primary targets for cancer therapy, leaving the majority of the kinome untargeted for drug therapy. Chemical proteomics approaches such as Multiplexed Inhibitor Beads and Mass Spectrometry (MIB-MS) have been developed that measure the abundance of a significant portion of the kinome, providing a strategy to interrogate kinome landscapes and dynamics. Kinome profiling of cancer cell lines using MIB-MS has been extensively characterized, however, application of this method to measure tissue kinome(s) has not been thoroughly explored. Here, we present a quantitative proteomics workflow specifically designed for kinome profiling of tissues that pairs MIB-MS with a newly designed super-SILAC kinome standard. Using this workflow, we mapped the kinome landscape of endometrial carcinoma (EC) tumors and normal endometrial (NE) tissues and identified several kinases overexpressed in EC tumors, including Serine/Arginine-Rich Splicing Factor kinase, (SRPK1). Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of EC tumor TMAs confirmed MIB-MS findings and showed SRPK1 protein levels were highly expressed in endometrioid and uterine serous cancer (USC) histological subtypes. Querying large-scale genomics studies of EC tumors revealed high expression of SRPK1 correlated with poor survival. Inhibition of SRPK1 in USC cells altered mRNA splicing, downregulating several oncogenes including MYC and Survivin resulting in apoptosis. Taken together, we present a SILAC-based MIB-MS kinome profiling platform for measuring kinase abundance in tumor tissues, and demonstrate its application to identify SRPK1 as a plausible kinase drug target for the treatment of EC.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2020

The impact of rare and common genetic variation in theInterleukin-1 pathway for human cytokine responses

BackgroundInterleukin(IL)-1 signaling is of major importance in human innate cytokine responses. Common variants in related genes have been linked to various inflammation-mediated diseases and stimulation-induced cytokine responses, but the role of rare variants remains to be elucidated. MethodsIn this study, we characterize the role of rare and common genetic variation, as identified by molecular inversion probe-based sequencing, in 48 genes related to the IL-1 pathway. Using a systems biology approach, we examined the inter-individual variability of in vitro stimulation-specific human cytokine responses from 463 healthy individuals of the Human Functional Genomics Project and assessed the role of rare and common genetic variants, separately and combined, by means of the Sequence Kernel Association Test. ResultsWe identified strong associations for rare genetic variants in NCF4 (adjP=7.2E-05) and CASP1 (adjP=3.0E-05) with IL-6 production in response to PHA and LPS stimulation, respectively. In addition, common variants in IL36A and IL38 were associated to both C. albicans-induced IL-1{beta} (IL36A adjP=0.0442; IL38 adjP=0.0092) and IL-6 production (IL36A adjP=0.0037; IL38 adjP=0.0082), an effect that was stronger at the subpathway level both for IL-1{beta} (adjP=0.0017) and IL-6 (adjP=1.8E-04). The common variant signature for the IL-1{beta} and IL-6 response to C. albicans was confirmed by an association with all anti-inflammatory genes (adjP=1.87E-03 and adjP=5.75E-04), and we validated this finding for non-coding common variants. Lastly, we identified a burden of rare variants in pro-inflammatory genes and LPS-induced IL-6 production (adjP=2.42E-04), and a new role for anti-inflammatory rare variants on S. aureus-stimulated IL-6 production (adjP=6.71E-03). ConclusionsIn conclusion, we show that both common and rare genetic variation in genes of the IL-1 pathway, separately and combined, differentially influence in vitro cytokine responses to various stimuli in healthy individuals. This study therefore accentuates potential mechanisms that are translatable into new hypothesis-driven characterization of common and rare variant involvement in a wide variety of inflammatory and immunological mechanisms and diseases.

systems biology↗

bioRxiv2020

A repository of web-based bioinformatics resources developed in India

IndiaBioDb (https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/indiabiodb/) is a manually curated comprehensive repository of bioinformatics resources developed and maintained by Indian researchers. This repository maintains information about 543 freely accessible functional resources that include around 258 biological databases. Each entry provides a complete detail about a resource that includes the name of resources, web link, detail of publication, information about the corresponding author, name of institute, type of resource. A user-friendly searching module has been integrated, which allows users to search our repository on any field. In order to retrieve categorized information, we integrate the browsing facility in this repository. This database can be utilized for extracting the useful information regarding the present scenario of bioinformatics inclusive of all research labs funded by government and private bodies of India. In addition to web interface, we also developed mobile to facilitate the scientific community.

bioinformatics↗