Kucukaylak, I. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2026

An FGF7-FGFR2-KLF4 feedback loop sustains anti-inflammatory signaling in epithelial cells

Chronic or excessive inflammation are hallmarks of many human diseases, but the endogenous factors that limit inflammatory responses are insufficiently characterized. We discovered a broad anti-inflammatory function of fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), which is mediated via epithelial cels. FGF7 suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory genes in cultured human keratinocytes in the absence or presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli and in a psoriasiform inflammation model in mice. Mechanistically, this involves an FGF7-FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2)-MAPK-Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) signaling axis. FGF7 induced significant alterations in the KLF4 interactome in human keratinocytes and suppressed the transcriptional activity of KLF4 at its pro-inflammatory target genes. Concomitantly, expression of FGFR2 and downstream signaling components was promoted by KLF4, identifying a KLF4-dependent regulatory feedback loop that sustains anti-inflammatory FGF signaling. These results suggest activation of FGF7-FGFR2-KLF4 signaling as a strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases involving the skin or other epithelial tissues and highlight the role of epithelial cells in the control of inflammation.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Exploring mechanisms of scar-free skin wound healing in adult zebrafish in comparison to mouse

Adult zebrafish have the ability to perfectly regenerate their skin after injury without leaving a scar behind. Yet, they intermediately form a collagen-rich granulation tissue that later fully regresses. In contrast, adult mammals lose this ability, resulting in persistent tissue fibrosis and scarring. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing to better characterize the dynamics and heterogeneity of involved cell types during different stages of zebrafish cutaneous wound healing, focusing on macrophages and fibroblasts. Macrophage subclusters display pro- and/or anti-inflammatory/repair characteristics, and fibroblast subclusters characteristics of extracellular matrix formation and degradation, which largely co-exist during all stages of wound healing. Strikingly, some fibroblasts display signatures of myofibroblasts, implicated in fibrotic healing in mammals. In addition, zebrafish fibroblasts express multiple genes with described pro-fibrotic effects in mammalian models. One of them is plod2, which encodes lysylhydroxylase 2. In cutaneous mouse wounds, Plod2 is induced in fibroblasts by macrophage-released Resistin-like molecule RELM encoded by the Retlna gene, promoting the formation of DHLNL collagen crosslinks and thereby less resolvable fibrotic tissue. retln genes are absent from the zebrafish genome; nevertheless, plod2 expression is initiated in zebrafish dermal fibroblasts upon wounding, in this case via TGF{beta} signaling, accompanied by increased collagen DHLNL crosslinking. Yet, both transgenic overexpression and genetic knock-out of plod2 do not interfere with granulation tissue formation and regression, pointing to additional pathways assuring the resolution of transient fibrosis in zebrafish skin wounds even in the presence of strong collagen crosslinking.

developmental biology↗