Coordinated alternative splicing decisions via stepwise exon definition
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is a fundamental step in human gene regulation and aberrant slic-ing is tightly linked to diseases including cancer. Various splicing events, such as alternative exon (AE) choice and intron retention (IR), are controlled by a common molecular machinery, the spliceo-some. However, it remains elusive how the regulation of spliceosome activity coordinately affects these splicing decisions. Here, we analyze a large-scale mutagenesis screen and genome-wide RNA sequencing data to show that IR and AE choice are tightly coupled, as IR products primarily accu-mulate in alternative exons showing intermediate inclusion levels. Using data-driven mathematical modeling, we reveal that multistep exon recognition by the spliceosome explains the observed AE-IR dependency for cis-acting sequence mutations and upon knockdown of trans-acting RNA-binding proteins. Furthermore, we show that multistep exon definition is frequently perturbed in cancer cells, which leads to the coordinated deregulation of intron retention and AE choice. In conclusion, we showed that the spliceosome coordinates complex splicing decisions via stepwise exon definition, which potentially facilitates the search for common molecular mechanisms for mis-splicing in cancer.