Biology subjects

Kreysing, J. P.

Publications and source records attributed to Kreysing, J. P..

10 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

How the TREX-2 complex associates with the nuclear pore

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) control nucleocytoplasmic transport in eukaryotes, yet their architecture remains incompletely understood. Here we report a substantially extended structure of the human NPC, obtained by combining cryo-electron tomography, crosslinking mass spectrometry, and AI-assisted integrative modeling. We resolve the molecular arrangement of TPR, NUP153, NUP50 and ZC3HC1, and reveal that five additional proteins -- TMEM209, SMPD4, GANP, Centrin-2 and ENY2 -- are incorporated into the NPC. Unexpectedly, GANP, Centrin-2 and ENY2, core members of the TREX-2 mRNA export complex, are built into the nuclear ring. This finding establishes TREX-2 not as a transiently associated factor, but as an integral NPC module, positioning it opposite of the cytoplasmic NUP214 mRNA export platform. Together, our results redefine the molecular composition of the inner ring, nuclear ring and nuclear basket. They suggest a direct structural basis that couples TREX-2-mediated mRNP remodeling to NPC-facilitated transport.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

The vault associates with membranes in situ

The eukaryotic vault particle is a giant ribonucleoprotein complex that assembles into an iconic barrel-like cage. Its cellular function has remained elusive despite extensive characterization. Using cryo-electron tomography of Dictyostelium discoideum cells, we define the distribution, structural states and interaction landscape of vault particles in situ. Surprisingly, we detect a subpopulation of vault particles associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope membranes. This association occurs at a defined barrel height of the vault particle and at patches of reduced membrane bilayer thickness and altered curvature. We further find that a substantial fraction of vaults encloses 80S ribosomes in highly ordered orientations. These structural findings are further corroborated by proximity labeling experiments which identify ER-resident proteins and numerous ribosomal components as vault particle interactors. The membrane-bound and ribosome-encapsulating vault populations that we uncover will direct future studies towards revealing vault function.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Molecular architecture of heterochromatin at the nuclear periphery of primary human cells

In eukaryotes, meters of DNA are packaged into micrometer scale nuclei. Nucleosomes, as the major organizational unit, have been extensively studied in vitro, yet the elaborate 3D structure of chromatin inside cells and its distinct multi-nucleosome arrangements remain poorly resolved. Here, we combine cryo-electron tomography with template matching, subtomogram averaging and molecular simulations to visualize nucleosomes and chromatin structure inside human cells. We confidently assign individual nucleosomes and report their in-situ structure at secondary structure resolution. By tracing linker DNA, we identify multi-nucleosome arrangements and uncover higher-order chromatin structures in situ, including a 37-nm wide, elongated but non-fibrous arrangement. In situ structural biology thus reveals the molecular chromatin organization inside cells and sets the stage for 3D genomics.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2024

cryoTIGER: Deep-Learning Based Tilt Interpolation Generator for Enhanced Reconstruction in Cryo Electron Tomography

Cryo-electron tomography enables the visualization of macromolecular complexes within native cellular environments, but is limited by incomplete angular sampling and the maximal electron dose that biological specimen can be exposed to. Here, we developed cryoTIGER (Tilt Interpolation Generator for Enhanced Reconstruction), a computational workflow leveraging a deep learning-based frame interpolation to generate intermediate tilt images. By interpolating between tilt series projections, cryoTIGER improves angular sampling, leading to enhanced 3D reconstructions, more refined particle localization, and improved segmentation of cellular structures. We evaluated our interpolation workflow on diverse datasets and compared its performance against non-interpolated data. Our results demonstrate that deep learning-based interpolation improves image quality and structural recovery. The presented cryoTIGER framework offers a computational alternative to denser sampling during tilt series acquisition, paving the way for enhanced cryo-ET workflows and advancing structural biology research.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Passage of the HIV capsid cracks the nuclear pore

Upon infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) releases its cone-shaped capsid into the cytoplasm of infected T-cells and macrophages. As its largest known cargo, the capsid enters the nuclear pore complex (NPC), driven by interactions with numerous FG-repeat nucleoporins (FG-Nups). Whether NPCs structurally adapt to capsid passage and whether capsids are modified during passage remains unknown, however. Here, we combined super-resolution and correlative microscopy with cryo electron tomography and molecular simulations to study nuclear entry of HIV-1 capsids in primary human macrophages. We found that cytosolically bound cyclophilin A is stripped off capsids entering the NPC, and the capsid hexagonal lattice remains largely intact inside and beyond the central channel. Strikingly, the NPC scaffold rings frequently crack during capsid passage, consistent with computer simulations indicating the need for NPC widening. The unique cone shape of the HIV-1 capsid facilitates its entry into NPCs and helps to crack their rings.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2024

Nuclear pores safeguard the integrity of the nuclear envelope

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) constitute giant channels within the nuclear envelope that mediate nucleocytoplasmic exchange. NPC diameter is thought to be regulated by nuclear envelope tension, but how such diameter changes are physiologically linked to cell differentiation, where mechanical properties of nuclei are remodeled and nuclear mechanosensing occurs, remains unstudied. Here we used cryo-electron tomography to show that NPCs dilate during differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into neural progenitors. In Nup133-deficient cells, which are known to display impaired neural differentiation, NPCs however fail to dilate. By analyzing the architectures of individual NPCs with template matching, we revealed that the Nup133-deficient NPCs are structurally heterogeneous and frequently disintegrate, resulting in the formation of large nuclear envelope openings. We propose that the elasticity of the NPC scaffold mechanically safeguards the nuclear envelope. Our studies provide a molecular explanation for how genetic perturbation of scaffolding components of macromolecular complexes causes tissue-specific phenotypes.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Nuclear pores as conduits for fluid flow during osmotic stress

Changing environmental conditions necessitate an immediate cellular adaptation to ensure survival. Dictyostelium discoideum, a bacteriovore slime mold present in the soil of most terrestrial ecosystems, is known for its ability to tolerate drastic changes in osmolarity. How the cells cope with the resulting mechanical stress remains understudied. Here we show that D. discoideum has extraordinarily elaborate and resilient nuclear pores that serve as conduits for massive fluid exchange between cytosol and nucleus. We capitalize on the unique properties of D. discoideum cells to quantify flow across the nuclear envelope that is necessitated by changing nuclear size in response to osmotic stress. Based on mathematical concepts adapted from hydrodynamics, we conceptualize this phenomenon as porous flow across nuclear pores. This type of fluid flow is distinct from the canonically characterized modes of nucleocytoplasmic transport, i.e. passive diffusion and active nuclear transport, because of its dependence on pressure. Our insights are relevant in any biological condition that necessitates rapid nuclear size changes, which includes metastasizing cancer cells squeezing through constrictions, migrating cells and differentiating tissues.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2023

High-confidence 3D template matching for cryo-electron tomography

Cryo-electron tomography (CryoET) resolves individual macromolecules inside living cells. However, the complex composition and high density of cells challenge the faithful identification of features in tomograms. Here, we capitalize on recent advances in electron tomography and demonstrate that 3D template matching (TM) localizes a wide range of structures inside crowded eukaryotic cells with confidence 10 to 100-fold above the noise level. We establish a TM pipeline with systematically tuned parameters for automated, objective and comprehensive feature identification. High-fidelity and high-confidence localizations of nuclear pore complexes, vaults, ribosomes, proteasomes, lipid membranes and microtubules, and individual subunits, demonstrate that TM is generic. We resolve [~]100-kDa proteins, connect the functional states of complexes to their cellular localization, and capture vaults carrying ribosomal cargo in situ. By capturing individual molecular events inside living cells with defined statistical confidence, high-confidence TM greatly speeds up the CryoET workflow and sets the stage for visual proteomics.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Thinner is not always better: Optimising cryo lamellae for subtomogram averaging

Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is a powerful method to elucidate subcellular architecture and to structurally analyse biomolecules in situ by subtomogram averaging (STA). Specimen thickness is a key factor affecting cryo-ET data quality. Cells that are too thick for transmission imaging can be thinned by cryo-focused-ion-beam (cryo-FIB) milling. However, optimal specimen thickness for cryo-ET on lamellae has not been systematically investigated. Furthermore, the ions used to ablate material can cause damage in the lamellae, thereby reducing STA resolution. Here, we systematically benchmark the resolution depending on lamella thickness and the depth of the particles within the sample. Up to ca. 180 nm, lamella thickness does not negatively impact resolution. This shows that there is no need to generate very thin lamellae and thickness can be chosen such that it captures major cellular features. Furthermore, we show that gallium-ion-induced damage extends to depths of up to 30 nm from either lamella surface.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2023

Translation dynamics in human cells visualized at high-resolution reveal cancer drug action

Ribosomes catalyze protein synthesis by cycling through various functional states. These states have been extensively characterized in vitro, yet their distribution in actively translating human cells remains elusive. Here, we optimized a cryo-electron tomography-based approach and resolved ribosome structures inside human cells with a local resolution of up to 2.5 angstroms. These structures revealed the distribution of functional states of the elongation cycle, a Z tRNA binding site and the dynamics of ribosome expansion segments. In addition, we visualized structures of Homoharringtonine, a drug for chronic myeloid leukemia treatment, within the active site of the ribosome and found that its binding reshaped the landscape of translation. Overall, our work demonstrates that structural dynamics and drug effects can be assessed at near-atomic detail within human cells. One-Sentence SummarySnapshots of ribosome dynamics at near-atomic resolution within native and drug-treated human cells are revealed.

cell biology↗