Biology subjects

Kofuji, P.

Publications and source records attributed to Kofuji, P..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2023

A spatial threshold for astrocyte calcium surge

Astrocytes are active cells involved in brain function through the bidirectional communication with neurons, in which the astrocyte calcium signal plays a crucial role. Synaptically-evoked calcium increases can be localized to independent subcellular domains or expand to the entire cell, i.e., calcium surge. In turn, astrocytes may regulate individual synapses by calcium-dependent release of gliotransmitters. Because a single astrocyte may contact [~]100,000 synapses, the control of the intracellular calcium signal propagation may have relevant consequences on brain function by regulating the spatial range of astrocyte neuromodulation of synapses. Yet, the properties governing the spatial dynamics of the astrocyte calcium signal remains poorly defined. Imaging subcellular responses of cortical astrocytes to sensory stimulation in mice, we show that sensory-evoked astrocyte calcium responses originated and remained localized in domains of the astrocytic arborization, but eventually propagated to the entire cell if a spatial threshold of >23% of the arborization being activated was surpassed. Using transgenic IP3R2-/- mice, we found that type-2 IP3 receptors were necessary for the generation of the astrocyte calcium surge. We finally show using in situ electrophysiological recordings that the spatial threshold of the astrocyte calcium signal consequently determined the gliotransmitter release. Present results reveal a fundamental property of astrocyte calcium physiology, i.e., a spatial threshold for the astrocyte intracellular calcium signal propagation, which depends on astrocyte intrinsic properties and governs the astrocyte integration of local synaptic activity and the subsequent neuromodulation. One-Sentence SummaryThere is a spatial threshold for the astrocyte intracellular calcium signal propagation that is determined by astrocyte intrinsic properties and controls gliotransmission.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

Distinct endocannabinoids specifically signal to astrocytes and neurons

The endocannabinoid system is an essential intercellular signaling mechanism with a decisive role in many physiological functions of the brain. Endocannabinoids (eCBs), directly acting on presynaptic neuronal CB1 receptors (CB1Rs), can inhibit neurotransmitter release. In addition, they can potentiate adjacent synapses, inducing lateral regulation of synaptic transmission through astrocyte CB1Rs. In contrast to most, if not all, neurotransmitter systems, the eCB system involves two distinct ligands, Anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (AEA and 2AG), and a single receptor (CB1R). The physiological meaning of this particularity remains unknown. Here we show that different eCBs are signaling both astrocytes and neurons, inducing distinct and contrasting synaptic regulation. Combining two-photon with a pharmacological and optogenetic approaches and transgenic mice for the synthesis enzyme of both eCBs, we have found that the absence of 2-AG synthesis abolished the inhibitory effect, which was mediated exclusively by neuronal mechanisms. However, the absence of AEA synthesis prevents the lateral potentiation mediated by astrocyte calcium mobilization. Together this indicates that 2-AG signals to neurons, decreasing neurotransmitter release, while AEA signals to astrocytes and induces lateral potentiation. Additionally, AEA synthesis is required for the synaptic potentiation induced by spike-timing-dependent plasticity, as well as astrocyte CB1R, indicating that distinct eCBs-signaling influences neuronal plasticity. We conclude that 2-AG and AEA induce distinct and contrasting synaptic regulation through CB1R in different cell types.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

Altered calcium signaling in Bergmann glia contributes to Spinocerebellar ataxia type-1

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal expansion of glutamine (Q) encoding CAG repeats in the ATAXIN1 (ATXN1) gene and characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, and eventual deterioration of bulbar functions. SCA1 shows severe degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and activation of Bergmann glia (BG), a type of cerebellar astroglia closely associated with PCs. Using electrophysiological recordings, confocal imaging and chemogenetic approaches, we have investigated the electrical intrinsic and synaptic properties of PCs and the physiological properties of BG in SCA1 mouse model expressing mutant ATXN1 only in PCs. PCs of SCA1 mice displayed lower spontaneous firing rate and larger medium and slow afterhyperpolarization currents (mIAHP and sIAHP) than wildtype mice, whereas the properties of the synaptic inputs were unaffected. BG of SCA1 mice showed higher calcium hyperactivity and gliotransmission, manifested higher frequency of NMDAR-mediated slow inward currents (SICs) in PC. Preventing the BG calcium hyperexcitability of SCA1 mice by loading BG with the calcium chelator BAPTA restored mIAHP and sIAHP and spontaneous firing rate of PCs to similar levels of wildtype mice. Moreover, mimicking the BG hyperactivity by activating BG expressing Gq- DREADDs in wildtype mice reproduced the SCA1 pathological phenotype of PCs, i.e., enhancement of mIAHP and sIAHP and decrease of spontaneous firing rate. These results indicate that the intrinsic electrical properties of PCs, but not their synaptic properties, were altered in SCA1 mice, and that these alterations were associated with the hyperexcitability of BG. Moreover, preventing BG hyperexcitability in SCA1 mice and promoting BG hyperexcitability in wildtype mice prevented and mimicked, respectively, the pathological electrophysiological phenotype of PCs. Therefore, BG plays a relevant role in the dysfunction of the electrical intrinsic properties of PCs in SCA1 mice, suggesting that they may serve as potential targets for therapeutic approaches to treat the spinocerebellar ataxia type 1.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF NEURON-ASTROCYTE INTERACTIONS IN THE SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

Microcircuits in the neocortex are functionally organized along layers and columns, which are the fundamental modules of cortical information processing. While the function of cortical microcircuits has focused on neuronal elements, much less is known about the functional organization of astrocytes and their bidirectional interaction with neurons. Here we show that CB1R-mediated astrocyte activation by neuron-released endocannabinoids elevate astrocyte Ca2+ levels, stimulate ATP/adenosine release as gliotransmitters, and transiently depress synaptic transmission in layer 5 pyramidal neurons at relatively distant synapses (>20 {micro}m) from the stimulated neuron. This astrocyte-mediated heteroneuronal synaptic depression occurred between pyramidal neurons within a cortical column and was absent in neurons belonging to adjacent cortical columns. Moreover, this form of heteroneuronal synaptic depression occurs between neurons located in particular layers, following a specific connectivity pattern that depends on a layer-specific neuron-to-astrocyte signaling. These results unravel the existence of astrocyte-mediated non-synaptic communication between cortical neurons, and that this communication is column- and layer-specific, which adds further complexity to the intercellular signaling processes in the cortex.

neuroscience↗