Koestler-Albert, L. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2025

Old growth attributes by chain saw: how between-patch heterogeneity changes the metacommunities of beetles in temperate forests

Metacommunity theory has expanded our understanding of how spatial dynamics and local interactions influence species communities. Different assembly archetypes, reflecting different roles of species differences, habitat differences, and dispersal have been described, but we lack empirical studies specifically in terrestrial habitats testing which archetype is most important. In a replicated design we experimentally enhanced structural between-patch heterogeneity in homogeneous production forests and developed a statistical framework controlling for sample incompleteness to detect different metacommunity processes. Meta-analyses on >100K individuals of >1.3K beetle species showed an increase of [~]60 species in heterogenized forests at {gamma}-level promoted by increasing -diversity consistent with the mass-effect and an increase of {beta}-diversity by [~]10% supporting species-sorting. Additionally, we tested {beta}-deviations from random assembly as a proxy of neutral processes. Findings indicate that enhancing structural heterogeneity can shift forests from patch-dynamics dominance towards mass-effect and species-sorting, offering a promising pathway to restore biodiversity in managed landscapes.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2025

Temperate forest heterogeneity decreases local and landscape-scale spider diversity through habitat filtering despite species turnover

O_LISpiders are key components of forest food webs, making use of the three-dimensional forest structure. Yet modern silviculture has homogenized temperate forest structure at local and landscape scales. The consequences of this homogenization for landscape-level spider diversity, however, remain largely unknown. C_LIO_LITherefore, we sampled spiders using pitfall traps across 234 patches in a large-scale, replicated field experiment at 11 paired European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest sites in Germany. In one district per site, we experimentally diversified between-forest-patch complexity (ESBC) through canopy gap creation and deadwood enrichment and kept a second district untreated as a structurally homogeneous control. C_LIO_LIWe applied a novel meta-analytic framework to compare -, {beta}-, and {gamma}-diversity of spiders between treatment and control districts, standardized for sample coverage, along Hill numbers giving increasing weight to abundance and for taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity. To gain a deeper insight into the effects of our intervention on the processes affecting the assembly of spider communities, we investigated the response of functional-phylogenetic diversity quantified by standardized effect sizes of mean pairwise distances (SES MFPD) to our treatments. C_LIO_LIBased on 18,540 spider individuals from 206 species, treatment districts exhibited significantly lower {gamma}- and -diversity across all diversity facets and Hill numbers, particularly when focusing on rare species (q = 0). In contrast, {beta}-diversity increased in treatment districts for phylogenetic and functional diversity across all Hill numbers (q = 0, 1, 2). Although spider abundances were higher in treatment patches, functional-phylogenetic diversity decreased in gaps and ESBC districts in general, indicating a shift from limiting similarity towards habitat filtering. C_LIO_LIOur findings corroborate earlier results of high abundances but lower taxonomic and functional diversity in canopy gaps due to strong habitat filtering effects, resulting in overall lower -diversity, which cannot be compensated by increasing {beta}-diversity. Hence, the greater three-dimensional complexity of homogeneous forests supports more diverse spider metacommunities at the {gamma}-scale, particularly when controlling for sample coverage, suggesting that canopy spider diversity in temperate forests may be underestimated. Nonetheless, higher abundances in treatment districts point to increased predator pressure and greater prey availability in structurally diversified forests. C_LI

ecology↗