Knorr, L. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2025

Recognition-dependent activation of the RRS1-R/RPS4 immune receptor complex

The Arabidopsis TIR-NLR immune receptors RPS4 and RRS1 function together to enable recognition of multiple effector proteins including AvrRps4 and PopP2. We show here that both in the presence and absence of effector, RPS4 and RRS1 form an oligomer that does not change in size upon effector provision. Oligomer formation involves interactions between the RPS4 and RRS1 TIR domains and requires nucleotide binding capacity in RPS4. RPS4 mutants that lose TIR domain NADase activity abrogate immune activation but retain oligomerization. A cysteine residue in the RPS4 LRR domain contributes to oligomer stabilization. We propose that upon effector recognition, conformational changes in the complex relieve inhibition of RPS4 TIR domains by RRS1 TIR domains, enabling proximity between RPS4 TIR domains to create NADase activity.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Bacteriophage-derived endolysins restore antibiotic susceptibility in penicillin- and erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections

Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus, is a cause of major illness globally. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is characterized by pneumococci invading blood (bacteremia), lungs (pneumonia), or brain and cerebrospinal fluid (meningitis). Meningitis remains an important global health concern because half of the survivors experience long-term neurological damage. The antibiotics commonly used to treat pneumococcal infections are {beta}-lactams and macrolides, however, S. pneumoniae is nowadays often resistant to one or several antibiotics, therefore novel antimicrobials are needed. Here, we found that the bacteriophage-derived Cpl-1 endolysin showed consistent antibacterial activity against {beta}-lactam- and macrolide-resistant pneumococcal clinical strains grown in human blood and human cerebrospinal fluid. Exploiting synergistic and additive mechanisms, supplementation of cpl-1 to either penicillin or erythromycin rescued human neuronal cells from the cytotoxicity of antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal infections. Finally, systemic administration of cpl-1 supplemented to penicillin in mice infected with penicillin-resistant pneumococci successfully reduced bacteremia, and, thanks to the efficient penetration across the blood-brain barrier, abolished bacterial load in the brain, resulting in increased (89%) survival accompanied by an asymptomatic course of infection. These findings strongly indicate that cpl-1 can restore antibiotic sensitivity against {beta}-lactam- and macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae, representing a fundamental adjunct therapy to standard-of-care antibiotics against multidrug-resistant IPD.

microbiology↗