Mandibular morphology, task specialization, and bite mechanics in Pheidole ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
The remarkable ecological and evolutionary success of ants was associated with the evolution of reproductive division of labor, in which sterile workers perform most colony tasks whereas reproductives become specialized in reproduction. In some lineages, the worker force became further subdivided into morphologically distinct subcastes (e.g. minor vs. major workers), allowing for the differential performance of particular roles in the colony. However, the functional and ecological significance of morphological differences between subcastes is not well understood. Here, we applied Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to explore the functional differences between major and minor ant worker mandibles. Analyses were carried out on mandibles of two Pheidole species, a dimorphic ant genus. In particular, we test whether major mandibles evolved to minimize stress when compared to minors using combinations of tooth and masticatory margin bites under strike and pressure conditions. Majors performed better in pressure conditions yet, contrary to our expectations, minors performed better in strike bite scenarios. Moreover, we demonstrate that even small morphological differences in ant mandibles might lead to substantial differences in biomechanical responses to bite loading. These results also underscore the potential of FEA to uncover biomechanical consequences of morphological differences within and between ant worker castes.