Targeted degradation of USP7 in solid cancer cells reveals disparate effects of deubiquitinase inhibition vs. acute protein depletion
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) co-op the ubiquitin system for targeted protein degradation, creating opportunities to interrogate cellular functions of proteins through "chemical knockdown". However, matched pairs of protein degraders and inhibitors, that possess high specificity and chemical complementarity, for individual components of the ubiquitin system have remained scarce. This includes reagents to modulate activity and abundance of deubiquitinases (DUBs), which critically regulate ubiquitin-mediated signaling. Here, using an integrated chemical biology approach, we explored the cellular function of the DUB USP7 as a case study comparing inhibition and degradation of this DUB in melanoma and pancreatic cancer cells. Through the synthesis of a degrader library, we identified potent USP7 PROTACs for each cancer type, established BRET-based ternary complex formation and quantified degradation efficiency. USP7 degraders and their cognate inhibitor were subsequently employed to characterize treatment-induced phenotypic alterations. Proteomic and cellular analyses revealed that highly specific degradation of USP7 modulated both shared and distinct protein sets across cancer cell types, without impacting cell growth. Notably, cellular responses to USP7 degradation differed markedly from those to USP7 inhibition. Moreover, our data uncovered broad proteomic and metabolic changes induced by prolonged USP7 inhibitor treatment. Collectively, our work provides a chemical toolbox of comprehensively characterized reagents to distinguish on-target phenotypes which will aid the understanding of the role of USP7 in malignant diseases. More broadly, our data emphasize the importance of increased specificity via PROTAC-mediated degradation and the potential of this modality to distinguish catalytic from non-catalytic as well as cell-line specific functions of DUBs.