Hippocampal neuroinflammation causes sex-specific disruptions in instrumental conditioning, Pavlovian approach, and neuronal excitation
Hippocampal neuroinflammation is present in multiple diseases and disorders that impact motivated behaviour in a sex-specific manner, but whether neuroinflammation alone is sufficient to disrupt such behaviour is unknown. We investigated this question here using mice. First, the application of an endotoxin to primary cultures containing only hippocampal neurons did not affect their activation. However, when the same endotoxin was applied to mixed neuronal/glial cultures it did increase neuronal activation, providing initial indications of how it might be able to effect behavioural change. We next demonstrated neuroinflammatory effects on behaviour directly, demonstrating that intra-hippocampal administration of the same endotoxin increased locomotor activity and accelerated goal-directed learning in both male and female mice. In contrast, hippocampal neuroinflammation caused sex-specific disruptions to the acquisition of instrumental actions and to Pavlovian food-approach memories. Finally, we showed that hippocampal neuroinflammation had a sexually dimorphic effect on neuronal activation: increasing it in females and decreasing it in males.