Biology subjects

Katsanos, C. S.

Publications and source records attributed to Katsanos, C. S..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Plasma Amino Acid Responses to an Oral Glucose Challenge Relate More Strongly to Body Adiposity Than to Insulin Resistance

The coexistence of obesity and insulin resistance is associated with elevated plasma amino acid concentrations. However, it remains unclear whether adiposity or insulin resistance is the stronger determinant of plasma amino acid dysregulation in this setting. Twenty-two adults (10 women, 12 men) spanning a broad range of body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after an overnight fast. Plasma glucose, insulin, and amino acid concentrations were measured serially, and insulin resistance/sensitivity was estimated from OGTT-derived glucose and insulin responses, using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (Matsuda-ISI). Principal component analysis (PCA) of fasting plasma amino acid concentrations showed no clear separation by obesity or insulin resistance classifications. In contrast, PCA of OGTT-stimulated plasma amino acid concentrations revealed clearer clustering by BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference, whereas separation by HOMA-IR and Matsuda-ISI was less distinct. Importantly, regression analyses showed that BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference were significant predictors of OGTT-stimulated, but not fasting, amino acid responses, with waist circumference accounting for the greatest proportion of the variance in branched-chain amino acid responses during the OGTT (R2 = 0.54). In conclusion, measures of adiposity, particularly total fat mass and waist circumference, accounted for a greater proportion of the variance in plasma amino acid responses under physiologically stimulated conditions than indices of insulin resistance. These findings support the view that plasma amino acid concentrations reflect adiposity-related metabolic alterations more strongly than insulin resistance.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2026

Acute Aerobic Exercise in Individuals with Obesity Abolishes Amino Acid-Stimulated Muscle Protein Synthesis in the Immediate Postexercise Period

BackgroundIn healthy individuals, exercise and amino acid availability act synergistically to stimulate muscle anabolism. However, this interaction may be impaired in individuals with obesity. ObjectiveWe examined whether acute aerobic exercise alters amino acid-stimulated muscle protein synthesis during immediate postexercise recovery in adults with obesity. MethodsSixteen sedentary adults with a body mass index >30 kg/m2 underwent a stable-isotope tracer infusion to measure mixed-muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) in the basal/fasted state and during an amino acid infusion, either with or without prior aerobic exercise. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either amino acid infusion alone (AA) or 45 min of cycling exercise at [~]65% heart rate reserve immediately before amino acid infusion (EX + AA). ResultsAmino acid infusion increased muscle protein FSR in the AA group (P < 0.0001) but not in the EX + AA group (P > 0.05), and the amino acid-stimulated increase in FSR was 78% lower in EX + AA than in AA (P < 0.01). The amino acid infusion increased (P < 0.05) plasma amino acid concentrations in both groups. However, during the amino acid infusion, plasma concentrations of essential and branched-chain amino acids, including leucine, were lower in EX + AA than in AA (P < 0.05). Moreover, across participants, absolute changes in muscle protein FSR were positively associated with plasma leucine concentrations during the amino acid infusion (P < 0.05). ConclusionsThese findings show that, in individuals with obesity, acute aerobic exercise markedly attenuates amino acid-stimulated muscle protein synthesis during early postexercise recovery. These findings have important implications for designing nutritional strategies to optimize muscle anabolism in this population.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2024

Impaired Suppression of Plasma Lipid Extraction and its Partitioning Away from Muscle by Insulin in Humans with Obesity

ContextHumans with obesity and insulin resistance exhibit lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle, but the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of lipid in the muscle of these individuals remain unknown. ObjectiveWe investigated how plasma insulin modulates the extraction of circulating triglycerides (TGs) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) from ingested and endogenous origin in the muscle of lean, insulin-sensitive humans (Lean-IS) and contrasted these responses to those in humans with obesity and insulin resistance (Obese-IR). MethodsThe studies were performed in a postprandial state associated with steady-state plasma TG concentrations. The arterio-venous blood sampling technique was employed to determine the extraction of circulating lipids across the forearm muscle before and after insulin infusion. We distinguished kinetics of TGs and NEFAs from ingested origin from those from endogenous origin across muscle by incorporating stable isotope-labeled triolein in the ingested fat. ResultsInsulin infusion rapidly suppressed the extraction of plasma TGs from endogenous, but not ingested, origin in the muscle of the Lean-IS, but this response was absent in the muscle of the Obese-IR. Furthermore, in the muscle of the Lean-IS, insulin infusion decreased the extraction of circulating NEFAs from both ingested and endogenous origin; however, this response was absent for NEFAs from ingested origin in the muscle of the Obese-IR subjects. ConclusionsPartitioning of circulating lipids away from the skeletal muscle when plasma insulin increases during the postprandial period is impaired in humans with obesity and insulin resistance.

physiology↗