Biology subjects

Karas, P.

Publications and source records attributed to Karas, P..

2 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2023

Endocisternal interfaces for minimally invasive neural stimulation and recording of the brain and spinal cord

Minimally invasive neural interfaces can be used to diagnose, manage, and treat many disorders with substantially reduced risks of surgical complications. Endovascular neural interfaces implanted in the veins or arteries is one approach, but it requires prescriptions of anti-thrombotic medication and are likely not explantable after endothelialization. More critically, the approach is limited by the small size and location of blood vessels, such that many important cortical, subcortical, spinal targets cannot be reached. Here, we demonstrate a chronic endocisternal neural interface that approaches brain and spinal cord targets through inner and outer cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) spaces. These spaces surround the nervous system and lack the tortuosity of the circulatory system, giving us access to the entire brain convexity, deep brain structures within the ventricles, and the spinal cord from the spinal subarachnoid space. Combined with miniature magnetoelectric-powered bioelectronics, the entire wireless system is deployable through a percutaneous procedure. The flexible catheter electrodes can be freely navigated throughout the body from the spinal to cranial subarachnoid space, and from the cranial subarachnoid space to the ventricles. We show in a large animal model that we can also reposition the recording and stimulation electrodes or explant the neural interface after chronic implantation. This enables applications in therapies that require transient or permanent brain/machine interface such as stroke rehabilitation and epilepsy monitoring and opens a new class of minimally invasive endocisternal bioelectronics.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2023

Evolution towards simplicity in bacterial small heat shock protein system

Evolution can tinker with multi-protein machines and replace them with simpler single-protein systems performing equivalent functions in equally efficient manner. It is unclear how, on a molecular level, such simplification can arise. With ancestral reconstruction and biochemical analysis we have traced the evolution of bacterial small heat shock proteins (sHsp), which help to refold proteins from aggregates using either two proteins with different functions (IbpA and IbpB) or a secondarily single sHsp that performs both functions in an equally efficient way. Secondarily single sHsp evolved from IbpA, an ancestor specialized in strong substrate binding. Evolution of an intermolecular binding site drove the alteration of substrate binding properties, as well as formation of higher-order oligomers. Upon two mutations in the -crystallin domain, secondarily single sHsp interacts with aggregated substrates less tightly. Paradoxically, less efficient binding positively influences the ability of sHsp to stimulate substrate refolding, since the dissociation of sHps from aggregates is required to initiate Hsp70-Hsp100-dependent substrate refolding. After the loss of a partner, IbpA took over its role in facilitating the sHsp dissociation from an aggregate by weakening the interaction with the substrate, which became beneficial for the refolding process. We show that the same two amino acids introduced in modern-day system define whether the IbpA acts as a single sHsp or obligatorily cooperates with an IbpB partner. Our discoveries illuminate how one sequence has evolved to encode functions previously performed by two distinct proteins.

biochemistry↗