Oestrogen influences B cell class-switching in individuals with an XX sex chromosome complement
Sex differences in humoral immunity are well-documented, though the mechanisms underpinning these differences remain ill-defined. Here, we demonstrate that post-pubertal cisgender females have higher levels of class-switched B cells compared to age-matched cisgender males. However, whilst sex chromosome-encoded genes characterise most of the differences in total B cell transcriptomes between cisgender-females and -males, sex differences in class-switched B cells are only observed post-pubertally. Accordingly, B cells express high levels of oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) and genes known to regulate B cell class-switching are enriched for ESR2-binding sites. Using a gender-diverse cohort of young people, we show that in transgender males (XX chromosomal background), blockade of natal oestrogen reduced the frequency of class-switched B cells, whilst gender-affirming oestradiol treatment in transgender females (XY chromosomal background), did not increase the frequency of class-switched B cells. These data demonstrate that sex hormones and chromosomes work in tandem to impact immune responses, with oestrogen only supporting B cell class-switching on an XX chromosomal background. eTOC summarySex hormones and chromosomes work in tandem to impact immune responses, with oestrogen influencing B cell class-switching exclusively on an XX chromosomal background.