Privatisation rescues function following loss of cooperation
A single cheating mutant can lead to the invasion and eventual eradication of cooperation from a population. Consequently, cheat invasion is often considered as \"game over\" in empirical and theoretical studies of cooperator-cheat dynamics, especially when cooperation is necessary for fulfilling an essential function. But is cheat invasion necessarily \"game over\" in nature? By following a population of bacteria through loss of cooperation and beyond, we observed that individuals evolved to replace cooperation with a selfish, or \"private\" behaviour. Specifically, we show that when cheating caused the loss of cooperative iron acquisition in a collection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients, a private uptake system that only benefits the focal individual was upregulated. This observation highlights the importance of social dynamics of natural populations and emphasizes the potential impact of past social interaction on the evolution of private traits.