bioRxiv2025
BACKGROUNDPrevious studies have shown that cocaine-induced changes in nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) medium spiny neurons (MSNs) differ based on dopamine receptor subtype expression, the sex of the animal, and for females, phase of the estrous cycle. These findings highlight the need to account for both sex and estrous cycle when studying drug-mediated alterations in neurophysiology. Whether MSNs of the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), which serve different aspects of addiction, will exhibit similar sex and estrous cycle effects with cocaine administration was investigated. METHODSMice underwent a 5-day locomotor sensitization paradigm via daily cocaine administration (15 mg/kg, s.c.) followed by a 1-to 4-day drug-free abstinence period. We examined NAcC MSN excitability by obtaining ex vivo whole-cell recordings from differentially labeled dopamine D1-receptor expressing MSNs (D1R-MSNs) and dopamine D2-receptor expressing MSNs (D2R-MSNs) obtained from male mice or female mice that were either in estrus or diestrus. RESULTSIn this genetic background of mice, both male and female mice sensitized to cocaine in a similar manner. In males, there were no cocaine-induced changes in D1R-MSN or D2R-MSN excitability, with D2R-MSNs exhibiting greater excitability. In saline-treated females, D1R-MSN excitability fluctuated across the estrous cycle with increased excitability during estrus. Following cocaine, estrous cycle-dependent D1R-MSN excitability was arrested, fixed at an intermediate value between estrus and diestrus when compared to saline controls. D2R-MSNs did not change either across the estrous cycle or following cocaine. When comparing MSN subtypes, in diestrus, D2R-MSNs were more excitable under saline conditions, but indistinguishable from D1R-MSNs following cocaine. In contrast, during estrus, D1R-and D2R-MSN excitability was similar in saline treated animals, but with cocaine, D2R-MSNs displayed heightened excitability. CONCLUSIONSThere are fundamental sex differences in cocaine-induced changes to the excitability of D1R-MSNs in the NAcC. After cocaine exposure, female mice in diestrus exhibited a significant main effect change in MSN excitability, an inversion of what had previously been demonstrated in the NAcSh where no cocaine-induced changes were observed. These data suggest that there are distinct differences in the neuropharmacological effect of cocaine in males versus females that are shell and core specific. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/660420v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (19K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fdb01corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1350b15org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16aac03org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@433842_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSThere are sex-and estrous-cycle dependent changes to D1R-MSNs in the NAcC that are sensitive to cocaine exposure. In males, cocaine has no effect on D1R-or D2R-MSNs excitability. During the estrous cycle, D1R-MSNs exhibit increased excitability during estrus. This fluctuation is halted by cocaine, such that D1R-MSNs recorded in diestrus show increased excitability following cocaine exposure whereas female D1R-MSNs recorded in estrus have decreased excitability. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARYThe nucleus accumbens core (NAcC) is a brain region associated with regulating motivated behavior. The primary neuronal populations of the NAcC are dopamine D1 receptor expressing medium spiny neurons (D1R-MSNs) and dopamine D2 receptor expressing medium spiny neurons (D2R-MSNs). No studies exist which examine sex differences and estrous cycle effects in the NAcC following cocaine administration. Using ex vivo electrophysiology, we found inherent sex-and estrous-cycle differences in cocaine-induced changes in MSN neuroplasticity. D1R-MSN excitability was unaffected in males, increased in females recorded during the diestrus phase, and decreased in females recorded during estrus following cocaine exposure. This ran counter to estrous cycle effects under drug-naive conditions where D1R-MSN excitability was higher in estrus versus diestrus. The estrous cycle effects on D1R-MSNs were eliminated following cocaine administration. For both sexes, D2R-MSN excitability was not impacted following cocaine. These results highlight fundamental sex differences that might underpin differences in substance abuse.