Biology subjects

Ilamathi, H. S.

Publications and source records attributed to Ilamathi, H. S..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Customizable bead-based platform for EV surface protein immunocapture and detection in plasma

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as valuable biomarkers for liquid biopsy because they carry molecular signatures that reflect their cells of origin. However, EV isolation remains a challenge, and existing EV immunocapture platforms are constrained by nonspecific binding, limited flexibility, and insufficient sensitivity. Here, we present a customizable bead-based platform for the isolation and detection of specific EV populations directly from plasma. The platform combines bead-immobilized capture antibodies with fluorescent detection antibodies, enabling sensitive and multiplexed EV profiling. Optimization of bead conjugation chemistry improved antibody immobilization and reduced nonspecific background signals, enhancing assay specificity and performance. Using breast cancer-derived EVs expressing fluorescent protein, we demonstrate the detection of tumor-derived EVs in plasma at concentrations as low as 1E9 EVs/ml. Furthermore, the assay distinguished HER2- and TROP2-high from low EV populations, demonstrating its ability to detect clinically relevant differences in biomarker expression. The workflow is compatible with direct EV analysis in the unprocessed plasma samples, thereby reducing sample preparation requirements and assay complexity. These findings establish a sensitive, flexible, and scalable platform for EV biomarker analysis. The approach overcomes several limitations of current commercial bead-based technologies and may facilitate the development of customizable multiplexed EV-based assays for cancer detection, patient stratification, and disease monitoring.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Mitochondrial pull-out controls mitochondrial structure in response to mitochondrial activity

Mitochondrial networks undergo continuous remodeling through fusion and fission, processes that are essential for maintaining energy production and cellular homeostasis. Rapid elongation of the tip of mitochondrial tubules, a process termed dynamic tubulation, also participates in mitochondrial network formation. However, these mechanisms alone cannot fully account for the formation of highly interconnected mitochondrial networks that are required for rapid distribution of mitochondria material. Here, we identify a distinct type of dynamic tubulation, mitochondrial pull-outs characterized by the lateral extrusion from pre-existing mitochondrial tubules, as metabolically regulated determinants of mitochondrial network formation. Pull-outs are distinct from the tip elongation form of dynamic tubulation as they are modulated by the mitochondrial dynamins MFN1 and DRP1 and are stimulated by conditions favoring oxidative phosphorylation. Pull-outs also depend on mitochondrial actin polymerization and are required to increase mitochondrial connectivity and respiratory activity. Together, these findings establish mitochondrial pull-out as a metabolically sensitive mechanism that promotes mitochondrial network connectivity and links organelle architecture to cellular energy demands.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2021

DRP1 regulates endoplasmic reticulum sheets to control mitochondrial DNA replication and segregation

Mitochondria are multi-faceted organelles crucial for cellular homeostasis that contain their own genome. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication is a spatially regulated process essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial function, its defect causing mitochondrial diseases. mtDNA replication occurs at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contact sites and is affected by mitochondrial dynamics: the absence of mitochondrial fusion is associated with mtDNA depletion whereas loss of mitochondrial fission causes the aggregation of mtDNA within abnormal structures termed mitobulbs. Here, we show that contact sites between mitochondria and ER sheets, the ER structure associated with protein synthesis, regulate mtDNA replication and distribution within mitochondrial networks. DRP1 loss or mutation leads to modified ER sheets and alters the interaction between ER sheets and mitochondria, disrupting RRBP1-SYNJ2BP interaction. Importantly, mtDNA distribution and replication were rescued by promoting ER sheets-mitochondria contact sites. Our work identifies the role of ER sheet-mitochondria contact sites in regulating mtDNA replication and distribution.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2021

Mitochondrial fission is required for proper nucleoid distribution within mitochondrial networks

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance is essential to sustain a functionally healthy population of mitochondria within cells. Proper mtDNA replication and distribution within mitochondrial networks are essential to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. However, the fundamental basis of mtDNA segregation and distribution within mitochondrial networks is still unclear. To address these questions, we developed an algorithm, Mitomate tracker to unravel the global distribution of nucleoids within mitochondria. Using this tool, we decipher the semi-regular spacing of nucleoids across mitochondrial networks. Furthermore, we show that mitochondrial fission actively regulates mtDNA distribution by controlling the distribution of nucleoids within mitochondrial networks. Specifically, we found that primary cells bearing disease-associated mutations in the fission proteins DRP1 and MYH14 show altered nucleoid distribution, and acute enrichment of enlarged nucleoids near the nucleus. Further analysis suggests that the altered nucleoid distribution observed in the fission mutants is the result of both changes in network structure and nucleoid density. Thus, our study provides novel insights into the role of mitochondria fission in nucleoid distribution and the understanding of diseases caused by fission defects. Significance statementMutation or deletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is associated with a large number of human diseases. However, the mechanisms controlling mtDNA replication and segregation are still poorly understood. Here, we have developed a new computational method to quantify the distribution of nucleoids (mtDNA with associated proteins) and define how nucleoid distribution is affected by changes in mitochondrial network structure. We demonstrate that mitochondrial fission is required for the proper distribution of nucleoids across mitochondrial networks, cells from patients with fission defects showing irregular nucleoid distribution and perinuclear accumulation. Nonetheless, each fission mutant behaved in a distinct manner, indicating a complex relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and nucleoid distribution.

cell biology↗