Biology subjects

Huang, D.

Publications and source records attributed to Huang, D..

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2021

Development and genetics of red coloration in the zebrafish relative Danio albolineatus

Animal pigment patterns play important roles in behavior and, in many species, red coloration serves as an honest signal of individual quality in mate choice. Among Danio fishes, some species develop erythrophores, pigment cells that contain red ketocarotenoids, whereas other species, like zebrafish (D. rerio) only have yellow xanthophores. Here, we use pearl danio (D. albolineatus) to assess the developmental origin of erythrophores and their mechanisms of differentiation. We show that erythrophores in the fin of D. albolineatus share a common progenitor with xanthophores and maintain plasticity in cell fate even after differentiation. We further identify the predominant ketocarotenoids that confer red coloration to erythrophores and use reverse genetics to pinpoint genes required for the differentiation and maintenance of these cells. Our analyses are a first step towards defining the mechanisms underlying the development of erythrophore-mediated red coloration in Danio and reveal striking parallels with the mechanism of red coloration in birds.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2021

SPOP mutation confers sensitivity to AR-targeted therapy in prostate cancer by reshaping the androgen-driven chromatin landscape

The normal androgen receptor (AR) cistrome and transcriptional program are fundamentally altered in prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we show that SPOP mutations, an early event in prostate tumorigenesis, reshape the chromatin landscape and AR-directed transcriptional program in normal prostate cells. Induction of SPOP mutation results in DNA accessibility and AR binding patterns found in human PCa. Consistent with dependency on this AR reprogramming, castration of SPOP mutant mouse models results in the loss of neoplastic phenotypes. Finally, human SPOP mutant PCa show improved response to AR-targeted therapies. Together, these results show that a single genomic alteration may be sufficient to reprogram the chromatin of normal prostate cells toward oncogenic phenotypes and that SPOP mutant tumors may be preferentially dependent on AR signaling through this mechanism.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2021

High-speed widefield handheld swept-source OCT angiography with a VCSEL light source

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) enable noninvasive structural and angiographic imaging of the eye. Portable handheld OCT/OCTA systems are required for imaging patients in the supine position. Examples include infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and operating room (OR). The speed of image acquisition plays a pivotal role in acquiring high quality OCT/OCTA images, particularly with the handheld system, since both the operator hand tremor and subject motion can cause significant motion artifacts. In addition, having a large field of view and the ability of real-time data visualization are critical elements in rapid disease screening, reducing imaging time, and detecting peripheral retinal pathologies. The arrangement of optical components is less flexible in the handheld system due to the limitation of size and weight. In this paper, we introduce a 400-kHz, 55-degree field of view handheld OCT/OCTA system that has overcome many technical challenges as a portable OCT system as well as a high-speed OCTA system. We demonstrate imaging premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in the NICU, and patients with incontinentia pigmenti (IP) in the OR using our handheld OCT system. Our design may have potential for improving the diagnosis of retinal diseases and help provide a practical guideline for designing a flexible and portable OCT system.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2021

In vivo engineered B cells retain memory and secrete high titers of anti-HIV antibodies in mice

As a potential single-shot HIV therapy, transplanted engineered B cells allow robust secretion of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). However, ex vivo engineering of autologous B cells is expensive and requires specialized facilities, while allogeneic B cell therapy necessitates MHC compatibility. Here, we develop in vivo B cell engineering, by injecting two adeno associated viral vectors, one coding for saCas9 and another coding for a bNAb. Following immunizations, we demonstrate memory retention and bNAb secretion at neutralizing titers. We observed minimal CRISPR/Cas9 off-target cleavage, using unbiased CHANGE-Seq analysis, while on-target cleavage at undesired tissues is reduced by expressing saCas9 from a B cell specific promoter. In vivo B cell engineering is thus a safe, potent and scalable method for expressing desired antibodies against HIV and beyond. One sentence summaryB cells can be engineered in vivo to robustly secrete anti-HIV bNAbs in a safe, durable and scalable manner.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2021

Expanding Asgard members in the domain of Archaea shed new light on the origin of eukaryotes

The hypothesis that eukaryotes originated from within the domain Archaea has been strongly supported by recent phylogenomic analyses placing Heimdallarchaeota from the Asgard superphylum as the closest known archaeal sister-group to eukaryotes. At present, only six phyla are described in the Asgard superphylum, which limits our understanding of the relationship between eukaryotes and archaea, as well as the evolution and ecological functions of the Asgard archaea. Here, we describe five previously unknown phylum-level Asgard archaeal lineages, tentatively named Tyr-, Sigyn-, Freyr-, Njord- and Balderarchaeota. Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses further supported the origin of eukaryotes within Archaea and a new Asgard lineage Njordarchaeota was supposed as the known closest branch with the eukaryotic nuclear host lineage. Metabolic reconstruction suggests that the Asgard archaea described here have potential to fix inorganic carbon via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and degrade organic matters except Njordarchaeota, which may possess a heterotrophic lifestyle with capability of peptides and amino acids utilization. Additionally, the Ack/Pta pathway for homoacetogenesis and de novo anaerobic cobalamin biosynthesis pathway were found in Balderarchaeota and Tyrarchaeota, respectively. This study largely expands the Asgard superphylum, provides additional evidences to support the 2-domain life tree and sheds new light on the evolution of eukaryotes.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2021

Ultrapotent bispecific antibodies neutralize emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that threaten the efficacy of existing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies underscores the urgent need for new antibody-based tools that potently neutralize variants by targeting multiple sites of the spike protein. We isolated 216 monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 from plasmablasts and memory B cells of COVID-19 patients. The three most potent antibodies targeted distinct regions of the RBD, and all three neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. The crystal structure of the most potent antibody, CV503, revealed that it binds to the ridge region of SARS-CoV-2 RBD, competes with the ACE2 receptor, and has limited contact with key variant residues K417, E484 and N501. We designed bispecific antibodies by combining non-overlapping specificities and identified five ultrapotent bispecific antibodies that inhibit authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection at concentrations of <1 ng/mL. Through a novel mode of action three bispecific antibodies cross-linked adjacent spike proteins using dual NTD/RBD specificities. One bispecific antibody was >100-fold more potent than a cocktail of its parent monoclonals in vitro and prevented clinical disease in a hamster model at a 2.5 mg/kg dose. Notably, six of nine bispecific antibodies neutralized B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and the wild-type virus with comparable potency, despite partial or complete loss of activity of at least one parent monoclonal antibody against B.1.351. Furthermore, a bispecific antibody that neutralized B.1.351 protected against SARS-CoV-2 expressing the crucial E484K mutation in the hamster model. Thus, bispecific antibodies represent a promising next-generation countermeasure against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2021

A protective broadly cross-reactive human antibody defines a conserved site of vulnerability on beta-coronavirus spikes

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to coronaviruses (CoVs) are valuable in their own right as prophylactic and therapeutic reagents to treat diverse CoVs and, importantly, as templates for rational pan-CoV vaccine design. We recently described a bnAb, CC40.8, from a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-convalescent donor that exhibits broad reactivity with human beta-coronaviruses ({beta}-CoVs). Here, we showed that CC40.8 targets the conserved S2 stem-helix region of the coronavirus spike fusion machinery. We determined a crystal structure of CC40.8 Fab with a SARS-CoV-2 S2 stem-peptide at 1.6 [A] resolution and found that the peptide adopted a mainly helical structure. Conserved residues in {beta}-CoVs interacted with CC40.8 antibody, thereby providing a molecular basis for its broad reactivity. CC40.8 exhibited in vivo protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in two animal models. In both models, CC40.8-treated animals exhibited less weight loss and reduced lung viral titers compared to controls. Furthermore, we noted CC40.8-like bnAbs are relatively rare in human COVID-19 infection and therefore their elicitation may require rational structure-based vaccine design strategies. Overall, our study describes a target on {beta}-CoV spike proteins for protective antibodies that may facilitate the development of pan-{beta}-CoV vaccines. SUMMARYA human mAb isolated from a COVID-19 donor defines a protective cross-neutralizing epitope for pan-{beta}-CoV vaccine design strategies

immunology↗

bioRxiv2021

Thermal Fogging with Disinfectant Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Bromide Effectively Kills A Coronavirus, An Influenza Virus and Two Indicator Bacteria in Subzero Cold-Chain Environment

BackgroundThe origin of several local COVID-19 outbreaks in China in 2020 were confirmed to be frozen food or packages contaminated with SARS-CoV-2, revealing the lack of effective disinfection measures in the frozen food chain. ObjectiveTo evaluate the disinfection efficacy at -20{degrees}C of a recently marketed thermal fogging disinfection product, with disinfectant-antifreeze combination being didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB) - propylene glycol (PPG). MethodCarriers with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) YN1, a coronavirus, and a swine influenza virus H1N1 (SIV-H1N1), and three indicator bacteria, E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis endospores, were respectively placed in a -20{degrees}C freezer warehouse with or without DDAB-PPG fogging and activities of the microorganisms were tested. ResultsAt -20{degrees}C, DDAB-PPG fogging, which fully settles in 3.5-4.5 hours, fully inactivated PEDV of 10-3.5 TCID50/0.1ml and SIV-H1N1 of 26 hemagglutination titer within 15-30 min, and inactivated S. aureus and E. coli vegetative cells (106/ml) within 15 or 60 min, respectively, but had little effect on B. subtilis spores. The bactericidal effect lasted at least 3 hours for bacteria on carrier plates and for 6 hours for airborne bacteria. ConclusionsA practical subzero temperature disinfection technology was confirmed its efficacy in killing enveloped viruses and vegetative bacteria. It would help to meet the urgent public health need of environmental disinfection in frozen food logistics against pandemic and other potential pathogens and to enhance national and international biosecurity. HighlightsO_LIFirst report of efficacy of disinfectant didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB) at subzero temperatures C_LIO_LIThe customized thermal fogging machine makes fine droplets of DDAB-propylene glycol (PPG) fog which can suspend for ~4 hours at -20{degrees}C C_LIO_LIDDAB-PPG thermal fogging at -20{degrees}C effectively inactivated a coronavirus and an influenza virus C_LIO_LIDDAB-PPG thermal fogging at -20{degrees}C for effectively killed S. aureus and E. coli C_LIO_LIDDAB-PPG thermal fogging at -20{degrees}C inactivated airborne microorganism for up to 6 h C_LI

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2021

Efficacy of Anti-Staphylococcal Lysin, LSVT-1701, in Combination with Daptomycin in Experimental Left-Sided Infective Endocarditis Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

MRSA endovascular infections are frequently recalcitrant to treatment with standard-of-care antibiotics. Anti-staphylococcal phage lysins represent important candidate adjunctive agents against invasive MRSA infections because of both their microbicidal and anti-biofilm properties. We utilized the rabbit model of aortic valve infective endocarditis (using the prototype MRSA strain, MW2) to examine the combined efficacy of the lysin, LSVT-1701, plus daptomycin. LSVT-1701 was given at two dose-regimens (32.5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) with different dose-durations (single dose vs daily dose for 2 d vs daily dose for 4 d); daptomycin was given at a sub-lethal daily dose of 4 mg/kg for 4 d to maximize potential synergistic interaction outcomes. The combination of LSVT-1701 plus daptomycin was highly effective at reducing target tissue MRSA counts (cardiac vegetations, kidneys, and spleen), especially when the lysin was given for multiple days and/or at higher daily doses. Of importance, when given for four daily doses, both lysin dose-regimens in combination with daptomycin sterilized all target tissues. These findings suggest that LSVT-1701 warrants further clinical evaluation as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of invasive MRSA infections.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Structural and functional ramifications of antigenic drift in recent SARS-CoV-2 variants

The protective efficacy of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) elicited during natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 and by vaccination based on its spike protein has been compromised with emergence of the recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Residues E484 and K417 in the receptor-binding site (RBS) are both mutated in lineages first described in South Africa (B.1.351) and Brazil (B.1.1.28.1). The nAbs isolated from SARS-CoV-2 patients are preferentially encoded by certain heavy-chain germline genes and the two most frequently elicited antibody families (IGHV3-53/3-66 and IGHV1-2) can each bind the RBS in two different binding modes. However, their binding and neutralization are abrogated by either the E484K or K417N mutation, whereas nAbs to the cross-reactive CR3022 and S309 sites are largely unaffected. This structural and functional analysis illustrates why mutations at E484 and K417 adversely affect major classes of nAbs to SARS-CoV-2 with consequences for next-generation COVID-19 vaccines.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

A combination of cross-neutralizing antibodies synergizes to prevent SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV pseudovirus infection

Coronaviruses have caused several epidemics and pandemics including the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic antibodies have already showed striking effectiveness against COVID-19. Nevertheless, concerns remain about antigenic drift in SARS-CoV-2 as well as threats from other sarbecoviruses. Cross-neutralizing antibodies to SARS-related viruses provide opportunities to address such concerns. Here, we report on crystal structures of a cross-neutralizing antibody CV38-142 in complex with the receptor binding domains from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Our structural findings provide mechanistic insights into how this antibody can accommodate antigenic variation in these viruses. CV38-142 synergizes with other cross-neutralizing antibodies, in particular COVA1-16, to enhance neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Overall, this study provides valuable information for vaccine and therapeutic design to address current and future antigenic drift in SARS-CoV-2 and to protect against zoonotic coronaviruses.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Expanded Asgard archaea shed new light on the origin of eukaryotes and support a 2-domain tree of life

The hypothesis that eukaryotes originated from within the domain Archaea has been strongly supported by recent phylogenomic analyses placing Heimdallarchaeota from the Asgard superphylum as the closest known archaeal sister-group to eukaryotes. At present, only seven phyla are described in the Asgard superphylum, which limits our understanding of the relationship between eukaryotes and archaea, as well as the evolution and ecological functions of Asgard archaea. Here, we describe five novel phylum-level Asgard archaeal lineages, tentatively named Tyr-, Sigyn-, Freyr-, Hoder- and Balderarchaeota. Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses supported a new Asgard lineage Tyrarchaeota was identified as a deeper branching lineage cluster with the eukaryotic nuclear host lineage than Heimdallarchaeota that were previously considered as the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes. Metabolic reconstruction of Tyrarchaeota suggests a mixotrophic lifestyle of this archaea, capable of peptides and amino acids utilization while having the potential using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway for carbon fixation and acetogenesis. This study largely expands the Asgard superphylum, provides additional evidences to support the 2-domain life tree thus sheds new light on the evolution and geochemical functions of the Asgard archaea.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Preventing post-surgical cardiac adhesions with a catechol-functionalized oxime hydrogel

Post-surgical cardiac adhesions represent a significant problem during routine cardiothoracic procedures. This fibrous tissue can impair heart function and inhibit surgical access in reoperation procedures. Here, we propose a novel hydrogel barrier composed of oxime crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with the inclusion of a catechol (Cat) group to improve retention on the heart for pericardial adhesion prevention. This three component system is comprised of aldehyde (Ald), aminooxy (AO), and Cat functionalized PEG mixed to form the final gel (Ald-AO-Cat). Ald-AO-Cat has favorable mechanical properties, degradation kinetics, and minimal swelling, as well as superior tissue retention compared to an initial Ald-AO gel formulation. We show that the material is cytocompatible, resists cell adhesion, and led to a reduction in the severity of adhesion in an in vivo rat model and a pilot porcine study. The Ald-AO-Cat hydrogel barrier may therefore serve as a promising solution for preventing post-surgical cardiac adhesions.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2020

Direct measurement of B lymphocyte gene expression biomarkers in peripheral blood enables early prediction of seroconversion after vaccination

Vaccination is a common and efficient means to reduce the mortality and morbidity of emerging infectious diseases. Among responders, injected antigen induces acquired immunity pathways and leads to the final production of antigen-specific antibodies. The whole process may take weeks to months, depending on the antigen. Typically, seroconversion to influenza vaccine is expected after one month with a responder rate of ~50%. An early biomarker to predict response is desirable. Peripheral blood gene expression (or transcript abundance, TA) datasets in the public domain were analyzed for early biomarkers among responders. As peripheral blood samples (such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC) are cell mixture samples containing various blood cell-types (leukocyte subpopulations, LS). We first develop a model that enables the determination of TA in B lymphocytes of certain genes directly in PBMC samples without the need of prior cell isolation. These genes are called B cell informative genes. Then a ratio of two B cell informative genes (a target gene and a stably expressed reference gene) measured in PBMC was used as a new biomarker to gauge the target gene expression in B lymphocytes. This method having an obvious advantage over conventional methods by eliminating the tedious procedure of cell sorting and enables directly determining TA of a leukocyte subpopulation in cell mixture samples is called Direct LS-TA method. By using a B lymphocyte-specific gene such as TNFRSF17 or TXNDC5 as target genes with either TNFRSF13C or FCRLA as reference genes, the B cell biomarkers were determined directly in PBMC which was highly correlated with TA of target genes in purified B lymphocytes. These Direct LS-TA biomarkers in PBMC increased significantly early after vaccination in both the discovery dataset and a meta-analysis of 7 datasets. Responders had almost a 2-fold higher Direct LS-TA biomarker level of TNFRSF17 (SMD=0.84, 95% CI=0.47-1.21 after log2). And Direct LS-TA biomarkers of TNFRSF17 and TXNDC5 measured at day 7 predict responder with sensitivity values of higher than 0.7. The Area-under curves (AUC) in receiver operation curve (ROC) analysis were over 0.8. Here, we report a straightforward approach to directly analyses B lymphocyte gene expression in PBMC, which could be used in a routine clinical setting as it avoids the labor-intensive procedures of B lymphocyte isolation. And the method allows the practice of precision medicine in the prediction of vaccination response. Furthermore, response to vaccination could be predicted as early as on day 7. As vaccination response is based on the similar acquired immunology pathway in the upcoming worldwide vaccination campaign against COVID-19, these biomarkers could also be useful to predict seroconversion for individuals.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2020

An Engineered Antibody with Broad Protective Efficacy in Murine Models of SARS and COVID-19

The recurrent zoonotic spillover of coronaviruses (CoVs) into the human population underscores the need for broadly active countermeasures. Here, we employed a directed evolution approach to engineer three SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for enhanced neutralization breadth and potency. One of the affinity-matured variants, ADG-2, displays strong binding activity to a large panel of sarbecovirus receptor binding domains (RBDs) and neutralizes representative epidemic sarbecoviruses with remarkable potency. Structural and biochemical studies demonstrate that ADG-2 employs a unique angle of approach to recognize a highly conserved epitope overlapping the receptor binding site. In murine models of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, passive transfer of ADG-2 provided complete protection against respiratory burden, viral replication in the lungs, and lung pathology. Altogether, ADG-2 represents a promising broad-spectrum therapeutic candidate for the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging SARS-like CoVs.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2020

ViMIC: A Database of Human Disease-related Virus Mutations, Integration Sites and Cis-effects

Molecular mechanisms of virus-related diseases involve multiple factors, including viral mutation accumulation and integration of a viral genome into the host DNA. With increasing attention being paid to virus-mediated pathogenesis and the development of many useful technologies to identify virus mutations (VMs) and viral integration sites (VISs), abundant literatures on these topics are available in PubMed. However, knowledge of VMs and VISs is widely scattered in numerous published papers, and the association of VMs with VISs in the viral genome or the functional annotation of VISs still lacks integration and curation. To address these challenges, we built a database of human disease-related Virus Mutations, Integration sites and Cis-effects (ViMIC), which specialize in three features: virus mutation sites, viral integration sites and target genes. In total, the ViMIC provides information on 6,461 VMs, 79,089 VISs, and 15,056 viral target genes of 8 viruses in 65 human diseases obtained from literatures. Furthermore, in ViMIC, users are allowed to explore the cis-effects of virus-host interactions by surveying 78 histone modifications, binding of 1,358 transcription regulators, and chromatin accessibility on these VISs. We believe ViMIC will become a valuable resource for the virus research community. The database is available at http://bmtongji.cn/ViMIC/index.php.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2020

METTL3 inhibitors for epitranscriptomic modulation of cellular processes

The methylase METTL3 is the writer enzyme of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA. Using a structure-based drug discovery approach, we identified a METTL3 inhibitor (UZH1a) with potency in a biochemical assay of 280 nM, while its enantiomer UZH1b is 100 times less active. The crystal structure of the complex of METTL3 with UZH1a illustrates the interactions that make it selective against protein methyltransferases. We observed a dose-dependent reduction in m6A methylation level of mRNA in several cell lines treated with UZH1a already after 16 h of exposure, as determined by triple-quadrupole LC mass spectrometry, while its enantiomer UZH1b was essentially inactive at concentrations up to 100 {micro}M. Interestingly, the kinetics of m6A level reduction in mRNAs followed a first-order reaction model, with a half-decay time {tau} of 1.8 h and a maximum m6A inhibition level of 70%, which is in line with the previously observed shorter half-life of m6A-modified mRNAs. Notably, treatment with the compounds did not alter cellular METTL3 levels, ruling out indirect effects on m6A levels. The effect of the m6A level depletion by UZH1a directly translated into growth inhibition of MOLM-13 leukemia cells, under short-term and long-term culture. Incubation of the MOLM-13 cells with UZH1a, but not with UZH1b, resulted in increased cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest already after 16 h of incubation. Interestingly, other cell lines sensitive to METTL3 level (U2Os, HEK293T) did not reveal statistically significant differences between UZH1a and UZH1b in a cell viability assay, confirming that the degree of reliance on m6A signalling for survival can vary between cancers/cell types.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2020

Cross-reactive serum and memory B cell responses to spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronavirus infection

Pre-existing immune responses to seasonal endemic coronaviruses could have profound consequences for antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, either induced in natural infection or through vaccination. Such consequences are well established in the influenza and flavivirus fields. A first step to establish whether pre-existing responses can impact SARS-CoV-2 infection is to understand the nature and extent of cross-reactivity in humans to coronaviruses. We compared serum antibody and memory B cell responses to coronavirus spike (S) proteins from pre-pandemic and SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donors using a series of binding and functional assays. We found weak evidence of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive serum antibodies in pre-pandemic donors. However, we found stronger evidence of pre-existing cross-reactive memory B cells that were activated on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from the donors showed varying degrees of cross-reactivity with betacoronaviruses, including SARS and endemic coronaviruses. None of the cross-reactive mAbs were neutralizing except for one that targeted the S2 subunit of the S protein. The results suggest that pre-existing immunity to endemic coronaviruses should be considered in evaluating antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.

immunology↗