Biology subjects

Horacek, I.

Publications and source records attributed to Horacek, I..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Population collapse of the Egyptian fruit bat on Cyprus (2005-2022) was likely driven by roost disturbance and declining food availability linked to climate change

Peripheral island populations are often especially vulnerable to environmental change, yet they may also represent unique components of biodiversity. We assessed long-term population change in the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) on Cyprus, the only insular and geographically isolated population of this pteropodid in Europe, and evaluated two non-exclusive explanations for its decline: roost disturbance and reduced food availability. We analysed roost counts from 21 underground sites monitored between 2005 and 2022 and modelled temporal trends in commercially produced fruits used by the species. The monitored population declined from c. 7200 to c. 1050 individuals, corresponding to an estimated decrease of 85.4%. The decline was steepest during 2005-2011, slowed during 2012-2017, and was followed by partial recovery in 2018-2022. Colonies in easily accessible roosts declined significantly faster than those in less accessible roosts, consistent with an important role of human disturbance. Fruit production showed strong long-term declines and multiple structural breaks clustered in the mid-2000s, coinciding with the most severe phase of population decline and a major drought period on Cyprus. The fate of the missing portion of the population remains uncertain. Although large-scale mortality cannot be excluded, there was no clear evidence of widespread starvation-related mortality, and emigration to nearby mainland areas remains a plausible but untested explanation. Overall, our results indicate that the collapse of this peripheral island population was most likely driven by a combination of roost disturbance and reduced food availability associated with climate-related environmental change, highlighting the urgent need for strict roost protection and measures to secure food and water resources.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2026

Phenotype diversity and extinction dynamics of the European Narrow-Headed Vole, Stenocranius anglicus (Hinton, 1910) (Arvicolinae, Cricetidae, Rodentia), in Central Europe.

The European Pleistocene populations of the narrow-headed vole (Stenocranius gregalis), an index species of the Palearctic glacial communities, were recently found to differ from the extant Asian species by a deep genetic divergence and are to be considered a separate species, Stenocranius anglicus, which had to persist through the interglacial stages in local European refugia. Here, we analyze over 2000 first lower molars from 14 stratified localities in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, spanning the Middle Pleistocene to Holocene, employing geometric morphometrics, biometric measurements, and morphotype classifications to assess molar shape variation. Our results demonstrate persistent morphological variability, with particularly high morphotype diversity during MIS 5-3, followed by simplification and reduced variance in post-LGM populations. Morphological divergence was greater among geographic localities than stratigraphic stages, suggesting strong regional and ecological influences. Stratified sequences reveal diverse evolutionary trajectories from long-term morphological stability in refugia to gradual simplification preceding extinction in the early Holocene. These patterns align with broader Eurasian trends but also highlight regionally specific responses to climatic and ecological change accompanying the species extinction dynamics during the early to middle Holocene. The paper underscores the importance of integrating detailed morphometrics with stratigraphic and ecological evidence to shed light on these topics.

zoology↗

bioRxiv2025

Effects of a native, dominant tree, Colophospermum mopane, on diversity of plants, insects, and vertebrates in South African savannas

Afrotropical savannas are biodiversity-rich ecosystems increasingly threatened by woody plant encroachment. In southern Africa, the leguminous tree Colophospermum mopane dominates over one-third of the savanna region and is projected to expand substantially under climate change. Yet, the consequences of its local dominance for biodiversity remain poorly understood. We conducted the first landscape-scale, multi-taxon assessment of mopanes bottom-up effects, analysing species richness and community composition of vascular plants, insects, birds, bats, and non-flying mammals across a gradient of mopane cover in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Our replicated plot-based study found that species richness of birds, mammals, bats, and insects declined significantly with increasing mopane dominance, with the steepest reductions in birds. Plant overall species richness was unaffected, although grasses showed a weak positive trend. We also revealed significant community compositional shifts in birds, bats, and mammals, while insect communities lost species without systematic composition change. Functional-group analyses confirmed species richness declines for herbivores across taxa, and for bird carnivores and omnivores, pointing to mopanes role as a strong ecological filter that reduces host plant and other resources availability, with consequences to the higher trophic levels. These results highlight mopane dominance as a potential driver of biodiversity simplification in African savannas, with cascading implications for ecosystem functioning. Given projections of mopane expansion and its socioeconomic value to local communities, management and policy must avoid promoting mopane dominance in land-use or restoration schemes. Safeguarding heterogeneous savanna mosaics will be essential for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem resilience under climate change.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2022

Ancient DNA reveals interstadials as a driver of the common vole population dynamics during the last glacial period

1AimThe common vole is a temperate rodent widespread across Europe. It was also one of the most abundant small mammal species throughout the Late Pleistocene. Phylogeographic studies of its extant populations suggested the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 26.5-19 ka ago) as one of the main drivers of the species population dynamics. However, analyses based solely on extant genetic diversity may not recover the full complexity of past population history. The main aim of this study was to investigate the evolutionary history and identify the main drivers of the common vole population dynamics during the Late Pleistocene. LocationEurope TaxonCommon vole (Microtus arvalis) MethodsWe generated a dataset comprising 4.2 kb-long fragment of mitochondrial DNA from 148 ancient and 51 modern specimens sampled from multiple localities across Europe and covering the last 60 thousand years (ka). We used Bayesian inference to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and to estimate the age of specimens that were not directly dated. ResultsWe estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor of all Last Glacial and extant common vole lineages to 90 ka ago and the divergence of the main mtDNA lineages present in extant populations to between 55 and 40 ka ago, earlier than previous estimates. We find multiple lineage turnovers in Europe in the period of high climate variability at the end of Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3; 57-29 ka ago) in addition to those found previously around the Pleistocene/Holocene transition. Conversely, data from the Western Carpathians suggest continuity throughout the LGM even at high latitudes. Main conclusionsOur results suggest that the main factor affecting the common vole populations during the last glacial period was the reduction of open habitats during the interstadial periods while the climate deterioration during the LGM had little impact on species population dynamics.

evolutionary biology↗