NPEPPS segmental duplication drives position effect expression of TBC1D3 in the human brain
In humans, the TBC1D3 gene family is thought to play a critical role in the expansion of the frontal cortex by promoting neuronal proliferation during brain development. This gene family shows some of the greatest structural heterozygosity ([~]97%) with haplotype copy numbers ranging from 3-39 among different human haplotypes. This raises the question as to how a gene so crucial in the evolutionary expansion of the human frontal cortex can be so variable in the human population. Here, we characterize the regulatory architecture that explains this paradox. We show that 45-96% of TBC1D3 expression is attributable to a single paralog located at the most telomeric position at the edge of a cluster of TBC1D3 genes. We find that its >3-fold higher expression relative to other copies is driven by a 110 kbp segmental duplication that occurred [~]8.9 million years ago, relocating a partial duplication of the puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase gene (NPEPPS), including its promoter, adjacent to this TBC1D3 locus. Using neurospheres and comparative transcriptomics of iPSC-derived cultures, we show that expression of NPEPPSP1-TBC1D3 increases as neurons differentiate as a result of alternative splicing and differential polyadenylation usage. While the fusion exists in other ape lineages, we show subsequent deletion of the NPEPPSP1 promoter in Gorilla and a separate, lineage-specific duplication in the Pan lineage ablated the production of this fusion product, rendering this position effect of TBC1D3 specific to humans.