SOX9-mediated G1 elongation confers reserve stem cell-associated injury resistance in human intestinal stem cells
Background & Aims Dynamic cell cycle control is critical for intestinal crypt maintenance and injury responses, yet genetic regulators driving these changes remain poorly defined. As reserve intestinal stem cells (rISCs) are often considered to be slowly-cycling and can resist replication-dependent injury, factors that restrain proliferation may confer cytoprotection. Here, we define SOX9 as a regulator of intestinal stem cell (ISC) cycling and injury resistance. Methods Primary human ISCs were engineered to tune SOX9 levels, visualize cell cycle state, and manipulate cell cycle regulators. Using this system, we tested how SOX9 dosage impacts stemness, differentiation, proliferative recovery after SOX9 washout, and survival after 5-FU-mediated injury. Transcriptional analyses identified candidate links between SOX9 levels and cell cycle control, which were functionally tested using inducible INK4A (CDKN2A) and Cyclin D2 (CCND2) ISC lines. Results SOX9 induction lengthens the cell cycle in a dose-dependent manner largely by elongating G1 phase through the INK4A-Rb pathway. The effects of high SOX9 levels repressing proliferation and stem cell activity are reversible. SOX9 induction protects against 5-FU toxicity. This protection is mimicked by INK4A overexpression or pharmacological G1 phase arrest and repressed by CCND2 induction. Conclusions These findings identify SOX9-mediated G1 elongation as a reversible cytoprotective program that confers key functional properties associated with rISCs: proliferative restraint, retained stem cell potential, and resistance to replication-dependent injury. This positions G1 length as a potential determinant of which crypt cells survive injury to act as reserve stem cells.