ARG-miner: A web platform for crowdsourcing-based curation of antibiotic resistance genes
Curation of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) databases is a labor-intensive process that requires expert knowledge to manually collect, correct, and/or annotate individual genes. Correspondingly, updates to existing databases tend to be infrequent, commonly requiring years for completion and often containing inconsistences. Further, because of limitations of manual curation, most existing ARG databases contain only a small proportion of known ARGs (~5k genes). A new approach is needed to achieve a truly comprehensive ARG database, while also maintaining a high level of accuracy. Here we propose a new web-based curation system, ARG-miner, which supports annotation of ARGs at multiple levels, including: gene name, antibiotic category, resistance mechanism, and evidence for mobility and occurrence in clinically-important bacterial strains. To overcome limitations of manual curation, we employ crowdsourcing as a novel strategy for expanding curation capacity towards achieving a truly comprehensive, up-to-date database. We develop and validate the approach by comparing performance of multiple cohorts of curators with varying levels of expertise, demonstrating that ARG-miner is more cost effective and less time-consuming relative to traditional expert curation. We further demonstrate the reliability of a trust validation filter for rejecting confounding input generated by spammers. Crowdsourcing was found to be as accurate as expert annotation, with an accuracy >90% for the annotation of a diverse test set of ARGs. ARG-miner provides a public API and database available at http://bench.cs.vt.edu/argminer.