Conversion of methionine biosynthesis in E. coli from trans- to direct-sulfurylation enhances extracellular methionine levels
Methionine is an essential amino acid in mammals and a critical metabolite in all organisms. As such, various applications, including food, feed, and pharmaceuticals, necessitate the addition of L-methionine. Although amino acids and other metabolites are commonly produced through bacterial fermentation, high-yield biosynthesis of L-methionine remains a significant challenge due to the strict cellular regulation of the biosynthesis pathway. As a result, methionine is produced primarily synthetically, resulting in a racemic mixture of D,L-methionine. This study aimed to enhance methionine bio-production yields in E. coli by replacing its highly regulated trans-sulfurylation pathway with the more common direct-sulfurylation pathway used by other bacteria. To this end, we generated an auxotroph E. coli strain (MG1655) by simultaneously deleting metA and metB genes and complementing them with metX and metY from different bacteria. Complementation of the genetically modified E. coli with metX/metY from Cyclobacterium marinum or Deinococcus geothermalis, together with the deletion of the global repressor metJ and overexpression of the transporter YjeH, resulted in a substantial increase of up to 126 and 160-fold methionine relative to the wild-type strain, respectively, and accumulation of up to 700 mg/L using minimal MOPS medium and 2 ml culture. Our findings provide a method to study methionine biosynthesis and a chassis for enhancing L-methionine production by fermentation. HighlightsO_LIReplacement of E. coli metA and metB with metX and metY recovered its growth C_LIO_LIThe engineered E. coli has a 160-fold increase in extracellular methionine levels C_LIO_LISelection of different metX and metY leads to varying growth rates and enhanced methionine levels C_LI