bioRxiv2025
O_LIPredictions of animal movement are vital for understanding and managing wild populations. However, the fine-scale, complex decision-making of animals can pose challenges for the accurate prediction of trajectories. Step selection functions (SSFs), a common tool for inferring relationships between animal movement and the environment, are also increasingly used to simulate animal trajectories for prediction. Although admitting a lot of flexibility, the SSF framework is limited to its reliance on pre-defined functional forms for fitting to data, and SSFs that involve complex functional forms to model detailed processes can be prohibitively difficult to fit and interpret. C_LIO_LIHere, we present deepSSF, an approach to fit and predict animal movement data using deep learning. Whilst not specific to any particular model, we denote the deepSSF approach as building and training a neural network architecture that receives multiple environmental layers and scalar values as inputs, and outputs a single layer representing the next-step probability. To demonstrate a deepSSF model, we build a model in PyTorch that has distinct but interacting habitat selection and movement subnetworks, which allows for explicit representation of both processes and interpretable intermediate outputs. We apply our model to GPS data of introduced water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the tropical savannas of Northern Australia. C_LIO_LIOur deepSSF model was able to learn features that are present in the habitat covariate layers, such as linear features (rivers, forest edges), and the composition of certain habitat areas, without having to specify them pre-emptively within the SSF framework. It was also able to capture the complex interactions between the habitat covariates as well as temporal dynamics across time of day and year. C_LIO_LIWe expect that the deepSSF approach will generate accurate and informative animal movement trajectories, which can be used for deepening our understanding of animal-environment systems and for the practical management of species. Considering the wide range of deep learning tools, the deepSSF approach could be extended to represent memory and social dynamic processes, with the potential for integrating non-spatial data sources such as accelerometers and physiological sensors. C_LI