Melanopsin ganglion cells in the mouse retina independently evoke pupillary light reflex
PurposeThe pupillary light reflex (PLR) is crucial for protecting the retina from bright light. The intrinsic photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in the retina mediate the PLR, which directly sense light and receive inputs from rod/cone photoreceptors. Previous work used genetic knockout mice to reveal that rod/cone photoreceptors drive transient constriction, and ipRGCs drive the sustained component. We acutely ablated photoreceptors by a chemical injection to examine the role of rod and cone photoreceptors in PLR. MethodsPLR and the multiple electrode array (MEA) recording were conducted with C57BL6/J (wildtype: WT) and Cnga3-/-; Gnat1-/- (rod/cone dysfunctional) mice. n-Nitroso-n-methylurea (MNU) was applied to C57 mice by intraperitoneal injection, and PLR was conducted after 5-7 days of injection. Three different light levels (mesopic, low photopic, and high photopic) were tested. Immunohistochemistry was conducted using the anti-Gnat1 and anti-melanopsin antibodies with DAPI. ResultsPLR was induced by all light levels we tested, and the level of constriction increased as the light level increased. After the MNU injection, PLR was not induced at mesopic light stimulus, but was fully induced by high light. The level of PLR was identical between WT and MNU mice, suggesting that ipRGCs fully contributed to the PLR at this light level. Immunohistochemistry revealed that photoreceptors were ablated by the MNU injection, but ipRGCs were preserved. The MEA recording revealed that a population of ipRGCs generated fast and robust spikes in MNU-injected retinal tissues in ex vivo. ConclusionsContrary to previous observations, our results demonstrate that ipRGCs are the major contributor to the PLR induced by high light.