Biology subjects

Haridas, S.

Publications and source records attributed to Haridas, S..

17 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Comparative genomics reveals shared accessory regions between members of two Fusarium species complexes virulent on garden pea

The contribution of accessory or conditionally dispensable chromosomes to host-specific virulence was first demonstrated in members of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) that are pathogens of garden pea, Pisum sativum L. The phenomenon has since been shown to exist in many fungal plant pathogens, including the closely related F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC). Genome analysis of members of the FSSC and FOSC pathogenic on pea revealed a diverse size range of the accessory genome of these fungi. Despite the [~]65 million years of diverging time, regions on a chromosome known to carry host-specific virulence factors for pea, including the cytochrome P450 pisatin demethylase (PDA) and other pea pathogenicity (PEP) genes, were present in all genomes of these pea pathogens. Genes directly involved in virulence on pea - PEP2, PDA, and PEP5- were the most frequently clustered together. Transcriptome analysis of fungal mycelia treated with the pea phytoalexin pisatin, identified 1,155 differentially expressed genes where many were involved in cellular stress responses. As wilt pathogens that invade host xylem, members of the FOSC encode more putative effectors, when compared to those in the FSSC, and several FOSC effectors were identified to confer race specificity. The conservation of part of the accessory genomes across two evolutionarily diverged species complexes suggests a common origin. Horizontal transfer of accessory chromosomes containing genetic loci involved in pathogenesis for garden pea offers a parsimonious explanation of the polyphyletic origin of host specificity.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

MAESTRO uncovers tandem paralog dynamics as a core driver of fungal stress adaptation

Understanding how fungi adapt to diverse stresses is critical for mitigating emerging drug resistance and harnessing their robustness for biotechnology. Pichia kudriavzevii is a stress-tolerant and intrinsically drug-resistant yeast, with dual industrial and clinical importance. We analyzed 170 strains using MAESTRO, a machine-learning-assisted GWAS pipeline optimized for small cohorts. MAESTRO identified biologically meaningful features and revealed that copy number variation (CNV) of tandem paralogs (TPs) is a core mechanism of multi-stress adaptation. TPs were recurrently linked to tolerance of industrial inhibitors (HMF, phenolics, heat) and antifungal drugs (fluconazole, azoles), and deletion of the TP pair gene4260/gene4261 confirmed pleiotropic effects across stresses. These findings support a TP CNV model where recombination-driven TP CNVs and gene fusions enable rapid stress adaptation. Importantly, our results suggest that antifungal resistance can arise through co-option of mechanisms originally evolved for environmental stressors, raising a One Health concern about the environmental origins of drug-resistant pathogens.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

Complex cooperativity in DNA origami revealed via design dependent defectivity

DNA origami has become a ubiquitous platform for nanostructure fabrication because it enables straightforward design of structures that self-assemble with high yield. The interactions between the cooperative effects involved in its assembly are currently not well understood. Fortunately, the nearly infinite number of choices available to the origami designer provide a rich environment in which to explore cooperativity in a complex system. The DNA domains comprising origami have predictable energetics and the sources of cooperativity are conceptually straightforward. While the assembly of these systems is difficult to predict because of the large number of cooperative interactions, it can be measured. We are thus able to probe cooperativity by using design variations and measuring their effect on assembly yield. We employ an accelerated assembly protocol that increases the sensitivity of structural perfection, or lack thereof, to design variation, and apply this approach to survey a broad set of design features. Using the resulting dataset, we develop metrics to correlate thermal stability, beneficial cooperativity from short folds, and detrimental cooperativity from long folds, with defectivity. Surprisingly, these metrics can be combined to create a single parameter with a clear correlation to yield that serves as a useful starting place for a predictive understanding of the interplay between cooperativity and design. In doing so, we also identify qualitative trends that provide useful insight into design best practice.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2024

Multi-omics analysis of a traditional fermented food reveals a byproduct-associated subpopulation of Neurospora intermedia for waste-to-food upcycling

Fungal solid-state fermentation (SSF) of byproducts has promise for increasing food sustainability and security, but fungal waste-to-food upcycling remains poorly understood at the molecular level. Here we use a multi-omics approach to characterize oncom - a fermented food traditionally produced from byproducts in Java, Indonesia - as a model system for understanding fungal waste conversion. Metagenomic sequencing of two oncom types (red and black) indicated that Neurospora intermedia is the fungus dominating red oncom. Further transcriptomic, metabolomic, and phylogenomic analysis revealed that oncom-derived N. intermedia utilizes pectin and cellulose degradation for substrate conversion and belongs to a distinct byproduct-associated subpopulation that differs from wild strains at the genetic and biochemical level. Finally, we found that N. intermedia grew on a range of industrially relevant byproducts, did not encode for any known mycotoxins, and could be used to create foods that were positively perceived by consumers outside Indonesia. This study uncovers the microbial and genetic basis of a traditional upcycled food, sheds light on human domestication of microbes for sustainability challenges, and establishes the edible N. intermedia as a promising fungus for byproduct upcycling in SSF and beyond.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

The differential virulence of Fusarium oxysporum strains causing corneal infections and plant diseases is associated with accessory chromosome composition

Fusarium oxysporum is a cross-kingdom pathogen. While some strains cause disseminated fusariosis and blinding corneal infections in humans, others are responsible for devastating vascular wilt diseases in plants. To better understand the distinct adaptations of F. oxysporum to animal or plant hosts, we conducted a comparative phenotypic and genetic analysis of two strains: MRL8996 (isolated from a keratitis patient) and Fol4287 (isolated from a wilted tomato [Solanum lycopersicum]). Infection of mouse corneas and tomato plants revealed that, while both strains cause symptoms in both hosts, MRL8996 caused more severe corneal disease in mice, whereas Fol4287 induced more pronounced wilting symptoms in tomato plants. In vitro assays using abiotic stress treatments revealed that the human pathogen MRL8996 was better adapted to elevated temperatures, whereas the plant pathogen Fol4287 was more tolerant to osmotic and cell wall stresses. Both strains displayed broad resistance to antifungal treatment, with MRL8996 exhibiting the paradoxical effect of increased tolerance to higher concentrations of the antifungal caspofungin. We identified a set of accessory chromosomes (ACs) that encode genes with different functions and have distinct transposon profiles between MRL8996 and Fol4287. Interestingly, ACs from both genomes also encode proteins with shared functions, such as chromatin remodeling and post-translational protein modifications. Our phenotypic assays and comparative genomics analyses lay the foundation for future studies correlating genotype with phenotype and for developing targeted antifungals for agricultural and clinical uses. ImportanceFusarium oxysporum is a cross-kingdom fungal pathogen that infects both plants and animals. In addition to causing many devastating wilt diseases, this group of organisms was recently recognized by the World Health Organization as a high-priority threat to human health. Climate change has increased the risk of Fusarium infections, as Fusarium strains are highly adaptable to changing environments. Deciphering fungal adaptation mechanisms is crucial to developing appropriate control strategies. We performed a comparative analysis of Fusarium strains using an animal (mouse) and plant (tomato) host and in vitro conditions that mimic abiotic stress. We also performed comparative genomics analyses to highlight the genetic differences between human and plant pathogens and correlate their phenotypic and genotypic variations. We uncovered important functional hubs shared by plant and human pathogens, such as chromatin modification, transcriptional regulation, and signal transduction, which could be used to identify novel antifungal targets.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

Unraveling Morphogenesis, Starvation, and Light Responses in a Mushroom-Forming Fungus, Coprinopsis cinerea, Using Long Read Sequencing and Extensive Expression Profiling

Mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are emerging as pivotal players in several fields, as drivers of nutrient cycling, sources of novel applications, and the group includes some of the most morphologically complex multicellular fungi. Genomic data for Agaricomycetes are accumulating at a steady pace, however, this is not paralleled by improvements in the quality of genome sequence and associated functional gene annotations, which leaves gene function notoriously poorly understood in comparison with other fungi and model eukaryotes. We set out to improve our functional understanding of the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea by integrating a new, chromosome-level assembly with high-quality gene predictions and functional information derived from gene-expression profiling data across 67 developmental, stress, and light conditions. The new annotation has considerably improved quality metrics and includes 5- and 3-untranslated regions (UTRs), polyadenylation sites (PAS), upstream ORFs (uORFs), splicing isoforms, conserved sequence motifs (e.g., TATA and Kozak boxes) and microexons. We found that alternative polyadenylation is widespread in C. cinerea, but that it is not specifically regulated across the various conditions used here. Transcriptome profiling allowed us to delineate core gene sets corresponding to carbon starvation, light-response, and hyphal differentiation, and uncover new aspects of the light-regulated phases of life cycle. As a result, the genome of C. cinerea has now become the most comprehensively annotated genome among mushroom-forming fungi, which will contribute to multiple rapidly expanding fields, including research on their life history, light and stress responses, as well as multicellular development.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2024

Comparative genomics of the extremophile Cryomyces antarcticus and other psychrophilic Dothideomycetes

Cryomyces antarcticus is an endolithic fungus that inhabits rock outcrops in Antarctica. It survives extremes of cold, humidity and solar radiation in one of the least habitable environments on Earth. This fungus is unusual because it produces heavily melanized, meristematic growth and is thought to be haploid and asexual. Due to its growth in the most extreme environment, it has been suggested as an organism that could survive on Mars. However, the mechanisms it uses to achieve its extremophilic nature are not known. Over a billion years of fungal evolution has enabled representatives of this kingdom to populate almost all parts of planet Earth and to adapt to some of its most uninhabitable environments including extremes of temperature, salinity, pH, water, light, or other sources of radiation. Comparative genomics can provide clues to the processes underlying biological diversity, evolution, and adaptation. This effort has been greatly facilitated by the 1000 Fungal Genomes project and the JGI MycoCosm portal where sequenced genomes have been assembled into phylogenetic and ecological groups representing different projects, lifestyles, ecologies, and evolutionary histories. Comparative genomics within and between these groups provides insights into fungal adaptations, for example to extreme environmental conditions. Here, we analyze two Cryomyces genomes in the context of additional psychrophilic fungi, as well as non-psychrophilic fungi with diverse lifestyles selected from the MycoCosm database. This analysis identifies families of genes that are expanded and contracted in Cryomyces and other psychrophiles and may explain their extremophilic lifestyle. Higher GC contents of genes and of bases in the third positions of codons may help to stabilize DNA under extreme conditions. Numerous smaller contigs in C. antarcticus suggest the presence of an alternative haplotype that could indicate that the sequenced isolate is diploid or dikaryotic. These analyses provide a first step to unraveling the secrets of the extreme lifestyle of C. antarcticus.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

Conservation and Expansion of Transcriptional Factor Repertoire in the Fusarium oxysporum Species Complex

The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) includes both plant and human pathogens that cause devastating plant vascular wilt diseases and threaten public health. Each F. oxysporum genome comprises core chromosomes (CCs) for housekeeping functions and accessory chromosomes (ACs) that contribute to host-specific adaptation. This study inspected global transcription factor profiles (TFomes) and their potential roles in coordinating CCs and ACs functions to accomplish host-specific pathogenicity. Remarkably, we found a clear positive correlation between the sizes of TFome and proteome of an organism, and FOSC TFomes are larger due to the acquisition of ACs. Among a total of 48 classified TF families, 14 families involved in transcription/translation regulations and cell cycle controls are highly conserved. Among 30 FOSC expanded families, Zn2-C6 and Znf_C2H2 are most significantly expanded to 671 and 167 genes per family, including well-characterized homologs of Ftf1 (Zn2-C6) and PacC (Znf_C2H2) involved in host-specific interactions. Manual curation of characterized TFs increased the TFome repertoires by 3%, including a disordered protein Ren1. Expression profiles revealed a steady expression of conserved TF families and specific activation of AC TFs. Functional characterization of these TFs could enhance our understanding of transcriptional regulation involved in FOSC cross-kingdom interactions, disentangle species-specific adaptation, and identify targets to combat diverse diseases caused by this group of fungal pathogens.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

T-toxin virulence genes: unconnected dots in a sea of repeats

In 1970, the Southern Corn Leaf Blight epidemic ravaged US fields to great economic loss. The outbreak was caused by never-before-seen, super-virulent, Race T of the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. The functional difference between Race T and O, the previously known, far less aggressive strain, is production of T-toxin, a host-selective polyketide. Super-virulence is associated with [~]1 Mb of Race T- specific DNA; only a fraction encodes T-toxin biosynthetic genes (Tox1). Tox1 is genetically and physically complex, with unlinked loci (Tox1A, Tox1B) genetically inseparable from breakpoints of a Race O reciprocal translocation that generated hybrid Race T chromosomes. Previously, we identified ten genes for T-toxin biosynthesis. Unfortunately, high depth, short-read sequencing placed these genes on four small, unconnected scaffolds surrounded by repeated A+T rich sequence, concealing context. To sort out Tox1 topology and pinpoint the hypothetical Race O translocation breakpoints corresponding to Race T-specific insertions, we undertook PacBio long-read sequencing which revealed Tox1 gene arrangement and the breakpoints. Six Tox1A genes are arranged as three small islands in a Race T-specific sea ([~]634 kb) of repeats. Four Tox1B genes are linked, on a large loop of Race T-specific DNA ([~]210 kb). The race O breakpoints are short sequences of race O-specific DNA; corresponding positions in race T are large insertions of race T-specific, A+T rich DNA, often with similarity to transposable (predominantly Gypsy) elements. Nearby, are Voyager Starship elements and DUF proteins. These elements may have facilitated Tox1 integration into progenitor Race O and promoted large scale recombination resulting in race T. ImportanceIn 1970 a corn disease epidemic ravaged fields in the US to great economic loss. The outbreak was caused by a never-before seen, super-virulent strain of the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. This was a plant disease epidemic, however, the current COVID-19 pandemic of humans is a stark reminder that novel, highly virulent, pathogens evolve with devastating consequences, no matter what the host-animal, plant, or other organism. Long read DNA sequencing technology allowed in depth structural comparisons between the sole, previously known, much less aggressive, version of the pathogen and the super-virulent version and revealed, in meticulous detail, the structure of the unique virulence-causing DNA. These data are foundational for future analysis of mechanisms of DNA acquisition from a foreign source.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2022

Genome evolution and transcriptome plasticity associated with adaptation to monocot and eudicot plants in Colletotrichum fungi

Colletotrichum fungi infect a wide diversity of monocot and eudicot hosts, causing plant diseases on almost all economically important crops worldwide. In addition to its economic impact, Colletotrichum is a suitable model for the study of gene family evolution on a fine scale to uncover events in the genome that are associated with the evolution of biological characters important for host interactions. Here we present the genome sequences of 30 Colletotrichum species, 18 of them newly sequenced, covering the taxonomic diversity within the genus. A time-calibrated tree revealed that the Colletotrichum ancestor diverged in the late Cretaceous around 70 million years ago (mya) in parallel with the diversification of flowering plants. We provide evidence of independent host jumps from eudicots to monocots during the evolution of this pathogen, coinciding with a progressive shrinking of the degradative arsenal and expansions in lineage specific genes. Comparative transcriptomics of four reference species with different evolutionary histories and adapted to different hosts revealed similarity in gene content but differences in the modulation of their transcription profiles. Only a few orthologs show similar expression profiles on different plant cell walls. Combining genome sequences and expression profiles we identified a set of core genes, such as specific transcription factors, involved in plant cell wall degradation in Colletotrichum.Together, these results indicate that the ancestral Colletotrichum were associated with eudicot plants and certain branches progressively adapted to different monocot hosts, reshaping part of the degradative and transcriptional arsenal.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

SPRAY-INDUCED GENE SILENCING IDENTIFIES PATHOGEN PROCESSES CONTRIBUTING TO POWDERY MILDEW PROLIFERATION

Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) is an emerging tool for crop pest protection. It utilizes exogenously applied double stranded RNA to specifically reduce pest target gene expression using endogenous RNA interference machinery. Powdery mildews, widespread obligate biotrophic fungi infect agricultural crops including wheat, barley, cucurbits, grapevine, and ornamentals such as roses. In this study, SIGS methods were developed and optimized for powdery mildews using the known azole-fungicide target CYP51 and the Golovinomyces orontii-Arabidopsis thaliana pathosystem. Additional screening resulted in the identification of conserved gene targets and processes important to powdery mildew proliferation: apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor in essential cellular metabolism and stress response; lipase a, lipase 1, and acetyl-CoA oxidase in lipid catabolism; 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, xanthoxin dehydrogenase, and a putative abscisic acid G-protein coupled receptor predicted to function in manipulation of the plant hormone abscisic acid; and the secreted effector EC2. Powdery mildew is the dominant disease impacting grapes and extensive powdery mildew resistance to applied fungicides has been reported. Therefore, we developed SIGS for the Erysiphe necator-Vitis vinifera system and tested six successful targets identified using the G. orontii-A. thaliana system. For all targets tested, a similar reduction in powdery mildew disease was observed between systems. This indicates screening of broadly conserved targets in the G. orontii-A. thaliana pathosystem identifies targets and processes for the successful control of other powdery mildews. The flexibility, specificity, reduced environmental and health risks, and rapid transition from the bench to the field make SIGS an exciting prospect for commercial powdery mildew control.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Symbiosis-driven development in an early branching metazoan

Microbes can initiate developmental gene regulatory cascades in animals. The molecular mechanisms underlying microbe-induced animal development and the evolutionary steps to integrate microbial signals into regulatory programs remain poorly understood. In the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana, a dinoflagellate endosymbiont initiates the life stage transition from the sessile polyp to the sexual medusa. We found that metabolic products derived from symbiont carotenoids may be important to initiate C. xamachana development, in addition to expression of conserved genes involved in medusa development of non-symbiotic jellyfish. We also revealed the transcription factor COUP is expressed during metamorphosis, potentially as a co-regulator of nuclear receptor RXR. These data suggest relatively few steps may be necessary to integrate symbiont signals into gene regulatory networks and cements the role of the symbiont as a key trigger for life history transition in C. xamachana.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2022

The soybean rust pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi displays transposable element proliferation that correlates with broad host-range adaptation on legumes

Asian soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the worlds most economically damaging agricultural diseases. Despite P. pachyrhizis impact, the exceptional size and complexity of its genome prevented generation of an accurate genome assembly. We simultaneously sequenced three P. pachyrhizi genomes uncovering a genome up to 1.25 Gb comprising two haplotypes with a transposable element (TE) content of ~93%. The proliferation of TEs within the genome occurred in several bursts and correlates with the radiation and speciation of the legumes. We present data of clear de-repression of TEs that mirrors expression of virulence-related candidate effectors. We can see a unique expansion in amino acid metabolism for this fungus. Our data shows that TEs play a dominant role in P. pachyrhizis genome and have a key impact on various processes such as host range adaptation, stress responses and genetic plasticity of the genome.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Enemy or ally: a genomic approach to elucidate the lifestyle of Phyllosticta citrichinaensis

Members of the fungal genus Phyllosticta can colonize a variety of plant hosts, including several Citrus species such as Citrus sinensis (orange), Citrus limon (lemon), and Citrus maxima (pomelo). Some Phyllosticta species have the capacity to cause disease, such as Citrus Black Spot, while others have only been observed as endophytes. Thus far, genomic differences underlying lifestyle adaptations of Phyllosticta species have not yet been studied. Furthermore, the lifestyle of Phyllosticta citrichinaensis is ambiguous, as it has been described as a weak pathogen but Kochs postulates may not have been established and the presence of this species was never reported to cause any crop or economic losses. Here, we examined the genomic differences between pathogenic and endophytic Phyllosticta spp. colonizing Citrus and specifically aimed to elucidate the lifestyle of Phyllosticta citrichinaensis. We found several genomic differences between species of different lifestyles, including groups of genes that were only present in pathogens or endophytes. We also observed that species, based on their carbohydrate active enzymes, group independent of their phylogenetic association, and this clustering correlated with trophy prediction. Phyllosticta citrichinaensis shows an intermediate lifestyle, sharing genomic and phenotypic attributes of both pathogens and endophytes. We thus present the first genomic comparison of multiple citrus-colonizing pathogens and endophytes of the genus Phyllosticta, and therefore provide the basis for further comparative studies into the lifestyle adaptations within this genus.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2021

Secondary metabolism drives ecological breadth in the Xylariaceae

Global, large-scale surveys of phylogenetically diverse plant and lichen hosts have revealed an extremely high richness of endophytes in the Xylariales, one of the largest clades of filamentous fungi and a significant source of novel secondary metabolites (SMs). Endophytes may produce host protective antimicrobial or insecticidal SMs, as well as compounds that facilitate symbiotic establishment through suppression or degradation of host immune response, but the ecological roles of most SMs are unknown. Here we characterized metabolic gene clusters in 96 genomes of endophytes and closely related saprotrophs and pathogens in two clades of Xylariales (Xylariaceae s.l. and Hypoxylaceae). Hundreds of genes appear horizontally transferred to xylarialean fungi from distantly related fungi and bacteria, including numerous genes in secondary metabolite gene clusters (SMGCs). Although all xylarialean genomes contain hyperabundant SMGCs, we show that increased gene duplications, horizontal gene transfers (HGTs), and SMGC content in Xylariaceae s.l. taxa are linked to greater phylogenetic host breadth, larger biogeographic distributions, and increased capacity for lignocellulose decomposition compared to Hypoxylaceae taxa. Overall, our results suggest that xylarialean endophytes capable of dual ecological modes (symbiotic and saprotrophic) experience greater selection to diversify SMGCs to both increase competitiveness within microbial communities and facilitate diverse symbiotic interactions.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2021

Genetic determinants of endophytism in the Arabidopsis root mycobiome

Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana do not engage in symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi but host taxonomically diverse fungal communities that influence health and disease states. We sequenced the genomes of 41 fungal isolates representative of the A. thaliana root mycobiota for comparative analysis with 79 other plant-associated fungi. We report that root mycobiota members evolved from ancestors with diverse lifestyles and retained large repertoires of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) and effector-like small secreted proteins. We identified a set of 84 gene families predicting best endophytism, including families encoding PCWDEs acting on xylan (GH10) and cellulose (AA9). These genes also belong to a core transcriptional response induced by phylogenetically-distant mycobiota members in A. thaliana roots. Recolonization experiments with individual fungi indicated that strains with detrimental effects in mono-association with the host not only colonize roots more aggressively than those with beneficial activities but also dominate in natural root samples. We identified and validated the pectin degrading enzyme family PL1_7 as a key component linking aggressiveness of endophytic colonization to plant health.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

The architecture of metabolism maximizes biosynthetic diversity in the largest class of fungi

AbstractO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSEcological diversity in fungi is largely defined by metabolic traits, including the ability to produce secondary or "specialized" metabolites (SMs) that mediate interactions with other organisms. Fungal SM pathways are frequently encoded in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which facilitate the identification and characterization of metabolic pathways. Variation in BGC composition reflects the diversity of their SM products. Recent studies have documented surprising diversity of BGC repertoires among isolates of the same fungal species, yet little is known about how this population-level variation is inherited across macroevolutionary timescales. ResultsHere, we applied a novel linkage-based algorithm to reveal previously unexplored dimensions of diversity in BGC composition, distribution, and repertoire across 101 species of Dothideomycetes, which are considered to be the most phylogenetically diverse class of fungi and are known to produce many SMs. We predicted both complementary and overlapping sets of clustered genes compared with existing methods and identified novel gene pairs that associate with known secondary metabolite genes. We found that variation in BGC repertoires is due to non-overlapping BGC combinations and that several BGCs have biased ecological distributions, consistent with niche-specific selection. We observed that total BGC diversity scales linearly with increasing repertoire size, suggesting that secondary metabolites have little structural redundancy in individual fungi. ConclusionsWe project that there is substantial unsampled BGC diversity across specific families of Dothideomycetes, which will provide a roadmap for future sampling efforts. Our approach and findings lend new insight into how BGC diversity is generated and maintained across an entire fungal taxonomic class.

genomics↗