Biology subjects

Hall, L. J.

Publications and source records attributed to Hall, L. J..

40 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2019

Genomic analysis on broiler-associated Clostridium perfringens strains and caecal microbiome profiling reveals key factors linked to poultry Necrotic Enteritis

BackgroundClostridium perfringens is a key pathogen in poultry-associated necrotic enteritis (NE). To date there are limited Whole Genome Sequencing based studies describing broiler-associated C. perfringens in healthy and diseased birds. Moreover, changes in the caecal microbiome during NE is currently not well characterised. Thus, the aim of this present study was to investigate C. perfringens virulence factors linked to health and diseased chickens, including identifying caecal microbiota signatures associated with NE.\n\nResultsWe analysed 88 broiler chicken C. perfringens genomes (representing 66 publicly available genomes and 22 newly sequenced genomes) using different phylogenomics approaches and identified a potential hypervirulent and globally-distributed clone spanning 20-year time-frame (1993-2013). These isolates harbored a greater number of virulence genes (including toxin and collagen adhesin genes) when compared to other isolates. Further genomic analysis indicated exclusive and overabundant presence of important NE-linked toxin genes including netB and tpeL in NE-associated broiler isolates. Secondary virulence genes including pfoA, cpb2, and collagen adhesin genes cna, cnaA and cnaD were also enriched in the NE-linked C. perfringens genomes. Moreover, an environmental isolate obtained from farm animal feeds was found to encode netB, suggesting potential reservoirs of NetB-positive C. perfringens strains (toxinotype G). We also analysed caecal samples from a sub-set of 11 diseased and healthy broilers using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, which indicated a significant and positive correlation in genus Clostridium within the wider microbiota of those broilers diagnosed with NE, alongside reductions in beneficial microbiota members.\n\nConclusionsThese data indicate a positive association of virulence genes including netB, pfoA, cpb2, tpeL and cna variants linked to NE-linked isolates. Potential global dissemination of specific hypervirulent lineage, coupled with distinctive microbiome profiles, highlights the need for further investigations, which will require a large worldwide sample collection from healthy and NE-associated birds.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2019

Phylogenomic analysis of Clostridium perfringens identifies isogenic strains in gastroenteritis outbreaks, and novel virulence-related features

Clostridium perfringens is a major enteric pathogen known to cause gastroenteritis in human adults. Although major outbreak cases are frequently reported, limited Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) based studies have been performed to understand the genomic epidemiology and virulence gene content of C. perfringens-associated outbreak strains. We performed both genomic and phylogenetic analysis on 109 C. perfringens strains (human and food) isolated from disease cases in England and Wales between 2011-2017. Initial findings highlighted the enhanced discriminatory power of WGS in profiling outbreak C. perfringens strains, when compared to the current Public Health England referencing laboratory technique of Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (fAFLP). Further analysis identified that isogenic C. perfringens strains were associated with nine distinct care home-associated outbreaks over the course of a 5-year interval, indicating a potential common source linked to these outbreaks or transmission over time and space. As expected the enterotoxin CPE gene was encoded in all but 4 isolates (96.4%; 105/109), with virulence plasmids encoding cpe (particularly pCPF5603- and pCPF4969-family plasmids) extensively distributed (82.6%;90/109). Genes encoding accessory virulence factors, such as beta-2 toxin, were commonly detected (46.7%; 50/109), and genes encoding phage proteins were also frequently identified, with additional analysis indicating their contribution to increased virulence determinants within the genomes of gastroenteritis-associated C. perfringens. Overall this large-scale genomic study of gastroenteritis-associated C. perfringens suggested that 3 major sub-types underlie these outbreaks: strains carrying (1) pCPF5603 plasmid, (2) pCPF4969 plasmid, and (3) strains carrying cpe on transposable element Tn5565(usually integrated into chromosome). Our findings indicate that further studies will be required to fully probe this enteric pathogen, particularly in relation to developing intervention and prevention strategies to reduce food poisoning disease burden in vulnerable patients, such as the elderly.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2019

Identification of master regulators in goblet cells and Paneth cells using transcriptomics profiling of gut organoids and multi-layered networks

The epithelial lining of the small intestine consists of multiple cell types, including Paneth cells and goblet cells, that work in cohort to maintain gut health. 3D in vitro cultures of human primary epithelial cells, called organoids, have become a key model to study the functions of Paneth cells and goblet cells in normal and diseased conditions. Advances in these models include the ability to skew differentiation to particular lineages, providing a useful tool to study cell type specific function/dysfunction in the context of the epithelium. Here, we use comprehensive profiling of mRNA, microRNA and long non-coding RNA expression to confirm that Paneth cell and goblet cell enrichment of murine small intestinal organoids (enteroids) establishes a physiologically accurate model. We employ network analysis to infer the regulatory landscape altered by skewing differentiation, and using knowledge of cell type specific markers, we predict key regulators of cell type specific functions: Cebpa, Jun, Nr1d1 and Rxra specific to Paneth cells, Gfi1b and Myc specific for goblet cells and Ets1, Nr3c1 and Vdr shared between them. Links identified between these regulators and cellular phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggest that global regulatory rewiring during or after differentiation of Paneth cells and goblet cells could contribute to IBD aetiology. Future application of cell type enriched enteroids combined with the presented computational workflow can be used to disentangle multifactorial mechanisms of these cell types and propose regulators whose pharmacological targeting could be advantageous in treating IBD patients with Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis.\n\nTable of contentsWe demonstrate the application of network biology techniques to increase understanding of intestinal dysbiosis through studying transcriptomics data from Paneth and goblet cell enriched enteroids.\n\n\n\nO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100 SRC=\"FIGDIR/small/575845v4_ufig1.gif\" ALT=\"Figure 1\">\nView larger version (25K):\norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16637e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dfaa77org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1307c00org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d16e0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

systems biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Perturbation of the gut microbiota by antibiotics results in accelerated breast tumour growth and metabolic dysregulation

BackgroundBreast cancer is the second most prevalent cancer worldwide with around 1.7 million new cases diagnosed every year. Whilst prognosis is generally favourable in early stages, this worsens significantly in advanced disease. Therefore, it is pertinent to focus on mitigating factors that may slow growth or progression. Recently, the gut microbiome has been implicated in a wide-range of roles in tumour biology. Through modulation of immunity, the gut microbiota can improve the efficacy of several immunotherapies. However, despite the prevalence of breast cancer, there is still a lack of microbiota studies in this field, including exploring the influence of external microbiome-modulating factors such as antibiotics. We describe herein how disruption of the gut microbiota via antibiotics may be detrimental to patient outcomes through acceleration of tumour growth. ResultsSupplementing animals with a cocktail of antibiotics leads to gut microbiota alterations and is accompanied by significant acceleration of tumour growth. Surprisingly, and distinct from previous microbiome-tumour studies, the mechanism driving these effects do not appear to be due to gross immunological changes. Analysis of intratumoural immune cell populations and cytokine production are not affected by antibiotic administration. Through global tumour transcriptomics, we have uncovered dysregulated gene expression networks relating to protein and lipid metabolism that are correlated with accelerated tumour growth. Fecal metabolomics revealed a reduction of the microbial-derived short-chain fatty acid butyrate that may contribute to accelerated tumour growth. Finally, through use of a routinely administered antibiotic in breast cancer patients, Cephalexin, we have shown that tumour growth is also significantly affected. Metataxanomic sequencing and analysis highlighted significant antibiotic-associated reductions in the butyrate producing genera Odoribacter and Anaeotruncus, and increased abundance of Bacteroides. ConclusionsOur data indicate that perturbation of the microbiota by antibiotics may have negative impacts on breast cancer patient outcomes. This is of importance as antibiotics are regularly prescribed to breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy or breast reconstruction. We have also shown that the metabolic impact of disruption to the microbiome should be considered alongside the potent immunological effects. We believe our work lays the foundation for improving the use of antibiotics in patients, and with further investigation could potentially inform clinical practice.

cancer biology↗