Evidence for a role of 5-HT-glutamate co-releasing neurons in acute stress mechanisms
The majority of midbrain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons express the vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3) and co-release 5-HT and glutamate, but the function of this co-release is unclear. Given the strong links between 5-HT and uncontrollable stress, we used a combination of c-Fos immunocytochemistry and conditional gene knock out in mice to test the hypothesis that glutamate co-releasing 5-HT neurons would be activated by stress and involved in stress coping. Acute, uncontrollable swim stress increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in neurons co-expressing VGLUT3 and the 5-HT marker tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). This effect was localised in the ventral DRN subregion and prevented by the antidepressant fluoxetine. In contrast, a more controllable stressor, acute social defeat, had no effect on c-Fos immunoreactivity in VGLUT3-TPH2 co-expressing neurons in the DRN. To test whether activation of glutamate co-releasing 5-HT neurons was causally linked to stress coping, mice with a specific deletion of VGLUT3 in 5-HT neurons were exposed to acute swim stress. Compared to wildtype controls, the mutant mice showed increased climbing behaviour, a measure of active coping. Wildtype mice also showed increased climbing when administered fluoxetine, revealing an interesting parallel between the behavioural effects of genetic loss of VGLUT3 in 5-HT neurons and 5-HT reuptake inhibition. We conclude that 5-HT-glutamate co-releasing neurons are recruited by exposure to uncontrollable stress. Furthermore, natural variation in the balance of 5-HT and glutamate released at the 5-HT synapse may impact on stress susceptibility.