Disruption of the Wnt-antagonist Apc in the pituitary stem cells drives the development of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma.
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas (aCPs) are complex intracranial neoplasms that generally arise in the sellar and suprasellar region of the brain which affect the endocrine and nervous systems causing severe sequelae. Activating mutations resulting in degradation-resistant forms of {beta}-catenin (CTNNB1) have been shown to be the main driver for many of these neoplasms. However, the underlying genetic driver for a proportion of these tumours is still unknown. Using murine transgenic models, we show that genetic disruption of the Wnt-antagonist and tumour suppressor, adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc), within the pituitary progenitors/stem cells, leads to pituitary tumours that closely resemble human aCPs. These tumours present classic histopathological hallmarks of aCPs, such as large deposits of wet keratin, stellar-reticular-like cells, large cystic components and clusters of accumulating nucleo-cytoplasmic {beta}-catenin that are slow-dividing and exhibit a secretory phenotype. We show that a hypomorphic allele of Apc is sufficient for tumour development, indicating that disruption of Apc function can lead to aCP formation. Moreover, we identify that bi-allelic loss of Apc in the Sox2+ve pituitary stem cells is sufficient to initiate tumour formation, indicating that Sox2+ve stem cells are the cell origin of these Apc-driven aCPs. Transcriptomic analyses of early tumour-initiating cells revealed that Apc-driven clusters of accumulating {beta}-catenin undergo senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is p21-mediated and results in secretion of inflammasome, angiosome and developmental growth factors. Our data unequivocally show a causal role for the disruption of the tumour suppressor Apc as a primary driver of aCPs independent of mutations in {beta}-catenin. We provide murine models representing a novel genetic subtype of human aCPs offering insights into aCP pathogenesis. Our work reinforces the importance of genetic testing for mutations in APC in patients with aCPs and identifies a potential need to screen patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or spectrum of APC-pathogenic syndromes for aCPs in early life.