Spatial statistics of submicron size clusters of activating and inhibitory Natural Killer cell receptors in the resting state regulate early time signal discrimination
Natural Killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immunity and sense healthy or diseased target cells with activating and inhibitory NK cell receptor (NKR) molecules expressed on the cell surface. The protection provided by NK cells against viral infections and tumors critically depends on their ability to distinguish healthy cells from diseased target cells that express 100- fold more activating ligands. NK cell signaling and activation depend on integrating opposing signals initiated by activating and inhibitory NKRs interacting with the cognate ligands expressed on target cells. A wide range of imaging experiments have demonstrated aggregation of both activating and inhibitory NKRs in the plasma membrane on submicron scales in resting NK cells. How do these submicron size NKR clusters formed in the resting state affect signal discrimination? Using in silico mechanistic signaling modeling with information theory and published superresolution imaging data for two well-studied human NKRs, activating NKG2D and inhibitory KIR2DL1, we show that early time signal discrimination by NK cells depends on the spatial statistics of these clusters. When NKG2D and KIR2DL1 clusters are disjoint in the resting state, these clusters help NK cells to discriminate between target cells expressing low and high doses of the activating cognate ligand, whereas, when the NKR clusters fully overlap the NK cells are unable to distinguish between healthy and diseased target cells. Therefore, the spatial statistics of submicron scale clusters of activating and inhibitory NKRs at the resting state provides an additional layer of control for signal discrimination in NK cells. SignificanceSignal integration of opposing signals initiated by activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors (NKRs) in a noisy environment determine an NK cells response to healthy and diseased target cells. Superresolution microscopy imaging revealed aggregation of NKRs in submicron scales in resting NK cells. Using computational modeling, information theory, and published imaging data, we show when these clusters of the opposing NKRs are disjoint, the NK cells can separate healthy from diseased target cells but fail to do so when the clusters overlap. Thus, spatial statistics of submicron-sized NKR clusters in the resting state provide a lever for distinguishing self from non-self. The results suggest spatial organization of receptors in the resting state in may modulate signal discrimination in immune cells.