Greuel, A. E. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2026

CRTC, not phosphorylated CREB1, drives cAMP-induced transcription across diverse cell types

Specialized cell types layer cell-type-restricted proteins, metabolites, and organelles onto a shared foundation of core cellular processes. How this ubiquitous machinery generates lineage-specific outputs is central to both cell biology and therapeutic development. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to receptor-restricted ligands to drive cell-type-specific transcription through cAMP-mediated activation of protein kinase A (PKA), which activates the transcription factor CREB1 through two parallel modes: direct phosphorylation at serine 133, and inhibition of salt-inducible kinases (SIK) that restrain the CRTC coactivators. How these modes integrate and contribute to signaling across cell types has remained unresolved, obscured by genetic redundancy and essentiality. Here we combine focused genetic analyses with a cross-lineage transcriptomic survey to dissect these parallel inputs. In Creb1/Atf1/Crem triple-knockout cells, a non-phosphorylatable mutant CREB1S133A fully rescued endogenous target gene activation, while Crtc1/Crtc2/Crtc3 ablation abolished transcription even with intact CREB1 serine 133 phosphorylation. As part of this mechanism, we found the annotated repressor ICER can instead act as a positive regulator, substituting for full-length CREB1 paralogs to drive a feedforward loop. Across melanocytes, hepatocytes, osteocytes, macrophages, and neurons, SIK inhibition recapitulated cAMP-PKA-driven transcription across both shared and cell-type-specific gene expression programs, with neurons a notable exception. These results invert the canonical model, placing CRTC recruitment as the dominant driver of CREB1-mediated transcription across diverse lineages, reframing how cAMP-PKA signaling can be interpreted and therapeutically targeted.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

UV induces common cutaneous amyloid-like melanosomal protein aggregates

Misfolding of aggregation-prone proteins underpins diseases known as proteinopathies. One of these proteins, alpha-synuclein, is a component of aggregates in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinsons disease. The melanosomal protein PMEL, which forms physiologic amyloid scaffold structures on which melanin is organized in melanosomes, similarly ectopically accumulates in the dermis in many forms of cutaneous hyperpigmentation. Here, we demonstrate in a wide range of common clinical pigmentary disorders, as well as in primary melanocyte and mouse models examined by molecular, proteomic, and electron microscopic tools, that melanocytic alpha-synuclein is a prominent component of intracellular protein aggregates bound to similar proteins as in Parkinsons disease, as well as melanized extracellular protein deposits. Using the Real Time Quaking-Induced Conversion Assay (RT-QuIC), we demonstrate that UV induces misfolded melanosomal proteins to self-propagate, augmenting this pathology in prion-like fashion. CUT&RUN chromatin profiling and single-cell RNA-seq demonstrate that melanocytes utilize microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)-regulated autophagy to counteract protein aggregation, identifying aggregate removal as a core function of tanning. In contrast to extracellular aggregation, impaired intracellular aggregate removal contributes to melanocyte senescence, which conversely exacerbates chronic hypopigmentation and photoaging-related discoloration. These findings identify melanosomal proteinopathy as a common contributor to melanocyte dysfunction and suggest aggregate-focused management approaches.

molecular biology↗