Biomolecular condensates govern PARP inhibitor trapping and present mechanisms of resistance
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) are a class of cancer drugs that enzymatically inhibit PARP activity at sites of DNA damage. In the context of BRCA mutations, PARPi can be synthetically lethal, presenting ideal genetic targeting. Yet, PARPi function primarily by trapping PARP1 onto sites of DNA damage. How PARPi trap and why some are better trappers remain unknown. Here, we show trapping occurs primarily through a kinetic phenomenon within biomolecular condensates that correlates with PARPi koff. Our results suggest PARP trapping is not the physical stalling of PARP1 on DNA, rather the high probability of PARP re-binding damaged DNA in the absence of other DNA binding protein recruitment. Furthermore, we found recruitment of the DNA binding protein RPA1 correlates to cell line PARPi sensitivity independent of RPA1 expression, demonstrating that condensate recruitment alone can impact efficacy. These results shed new light on how PARPi function, describe how PARPi properties correlate to trapping potency, and suggest previously unknown mechanisms of PARPi resistance.